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Showing posts with label Aeromonas hydrophila. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Aeromonas hydrophila. Show all posts

Tuesday, 5 May 2026

Rahasia Mematikan Aeromonas hydrophila: Ancaman Tersembunyi pada Ikan dan Solusi Herbal yang Mengejutkan! (Bagian I)


Tinjauan tentang Patogenisitas Aeromonas hydrophila dan Upaya Mitigasinya Melalui Tanaman Obat dalam Akuakultur

(Bagian I)

 

ABSTRAK

 

Aeromonas hydrophila merupakan bakteri air tawar, anaerob fakultatif, dan bersifat kemo-organoheterotrof yang menyebabkan gangguan pada ikan berupa gastroenteritis dan septisemia, serta menimbulkan penyakit yang dikenal sebagai Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), yang berdampak pada lingkungan perairan. Hemolisin, aerolisin, sitosin, gelatinase, enterotoksin, dan peptida antimikroba telah diidentifikasi sebagai faktor virulensi pada A. hydrophila. Tanaman obat/herbal beserta pemanfaatannya merupakan pendekatan yang cepat, mudah diperoleh, hemat biaya, efisien, dan ramah lingkungan untuk mendukung pembangunan sosial-ekonomi yang berkelanjutan dalam praktik akuakultur modern. Fitoterapi, baik melalui perendaman maupun melalui penambahan dalam pakan, merupakan alternatif terhadap obat sintetis untuk mengurangi patogenisitas patogen di lingkungan perairan.

Keberadaan fitokonstituen penting seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, pigmen, terpenoid, steroid, dan minyak atsiri membuat tanaman obat memiliki aktivitas antimikroba, perangsang nafsu makan, anti-stres, pemacu pertumbuhan, dan imunostimulan. Industri akuakultur lebih memilih teknik atau senyawa berbasis fitoterapi untuk meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap berbagai patogen akuatik pada ikan budidaya karena sifatnya yang murah dan ramah lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, tinjauan ini menguraikan berbagai aplikasi fitoterapi sebagai alat yang menjanjikan dalam manajemen penyakit di akuakultur serta sebagai langkah penting menuju akuakultur organik.

Kata kunci: Aeromonas hydrophila, Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), imunostimulan, fitoterapi, herbal, patogenisitas, septisemia hemoragik

 

1. PENDAHULUAN

 

Aeromonas hydrophila merupakan bakteri air tawar, anaerob fakultatif, dan kemo-organoheterotrof yang menyebabkan penyakit pada ikan, amfibi, reptil, burung, dan mamalia, dengan gastroenteritis, septisemia, dan fasciitis nekrotikan sebagai bentuk penyakit yang paling umum [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. Spesies Aeromonas dapat ditemukan di berbagai habitat perairan dan lingkungan, termasuk sedimen, estuari, rumput laut, lamun, air limbah, air minum, dan makanan [5,6].

Genus Aeromonas terdiri atas bakteri Gram-negatif berbentuk batang (basil) atau kokobasil, motil, tidak membentuk spora, dengan ujung membulat dan ukuran sekitar 1–3,5 μm, serta termasuk dalam famili Aeromonadaceae dari kelas Gammaproteobacteria. Bakteri ini bersifat anaerob fakultatif, katalase-, oksidase-, dan indol-positif, mampu mereduksi nitrat menjadi nitrit, dan umumnya resisten terhadap agen vibriostatik O/129. Dalam survei mikrobiologi, A. hydrophila ditemukan dominan di Teluk Chesapeake dan anak sungainya dengan konsentrasi berkisar sekitar 4,6 × 10²/g pada sedimen dan <0,3/l hingga 5 × 10³/ml di kolom air [7]. Kaper et al. [8] melaporkan bahwa A. hydrophila pada perairan budidaya kerang memiliki jumlah sel berkisar 3–2400 sel/100 ml dalam air dan 3–4600 sel/100 g pada tiram.

Ikan mas (carp) merupakan kelompok utama ikan air tawar yang penting sebagai sumber pangan dan model penelitian di seluruh dunia. Aeromonas sp. dan Pseudomonas sp. merupakan bakteri yang paling umum diisolasi dari sistem budidaya ikan mas [9]. A. hydrophila merupakan bakteri yang banyak diteliti karena keberadaannya di estuari [10], makanan [11], air [12], resistensi terhadap antibiotik, serta potensinya menyebabkan penyakit pada hewan dan manusia [13]. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa spesies Aeromonas yang motil, terutama A. hydrophila, merupakan penyebab utama berbagai infeksi [14].

Aeromoniasis dilaporkan sebagai penyakit bakteri yang paling umum terjadi sepanjang tahun pada ikan mas utama India seperti Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, serta ikan mas eksotik seperti Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, dan Cyprinus carpio. Di antara enam spesies ikan yang diuji, H. molitrix paling sensitif terhadap Aeromonas [9]. A. hydrophila memiliki habitat alami di perairan dan dapat tumbuh pada suhu 0 hingga 45 °C, dengan suhu optimum 22–32 °C. Pada ikan, infeksi A. hydrophila merupakan penyakit zoonosis, yaitu dapat ditularkan antara hewan dan manusia [15]. Kondisi stres seperti kepadatan tinggi, rendahnya oksigen terlarut, tingginya kandungan bahan organik, luka fisik, fluktuasi suhu, dan pencemaran industri dapat memicu infeksi A. hydrophila [16,17].

A. hydrophila diklasifikasikan sebagai patogen primer atau sekunder [18,19]. Jika patogen menyebabkan penyakit secara langsung pada ikan yang mengalami stres, maka disebut patogen primer. Namun, secara umum A. hydrophila lebih sering ditemukan sebagai patogen sekunder [20]. Karena kemampuan invasifnya terbatas, patogen sekunder bergantung pada adanya infeksi primer. Oleh karena itu, A. hydrophila biasanya menginfeksi ikan yang telah terinfeksi sebelumnya oleh patogen lain [21]. Selain itu, A. hydrophila juga dapat bertindak sebagai patogen oportunistik yang menginfeksi ikan dalam kondisi stres atau bersama patogen lain [22]. Bakteri ini juga dianggap sebagai biomarker yang efektif untuk menunjukkan kondisi lingkungan perairan yang stres atau tercemar [23]. Istilah “patogen oportunistik” berarti bahwa jika ada kesempatan, A. hydrophila selalu berpotensi menyebabkan penyakit [20].

Di India, “Mrgayurveda”, sebagai subdisiplin Ayurveda, berfokus pada kehidupan hewan dan penggunaan obat herbal untuk mengobati penyakit hewan [24]. Fitoterapi merupakan praktik pengobatan yang lebih menekankan pendekatan tradisional dibandingkan obat modern, dengan keterlibatan kuat pada pengetahuan dan penggunaan herbal medis. Meskipun industri akuakultur baru mulai menerapkan fitoterapi, pendekatan ini semakin diakui sebagai alternatif pengobatan pengganti obat sintetis [25].

Aplikasi ini bersifat biodegradable dan ramah lingkungan, dikenal sebagai fitoterapi atau lebih umum disebut herbalism. Secara global, penggunaan tanaman obat dalam akuakultur telah menarik perhatian besar dan menjadi topik penelitian ilmiah yang aktif [24,26]. Tanaman obat diketahui mengandung berbagai senyawa bioaktif yang berfungsi sebagai perangsang nafsu makan, pemacu pertumbuhan, antibakteri, imunostimulan, antiinflamasi, anti-stres, dan antikanker, serta telah digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional selama ribuan tahun.

Tanaman obat yang umum digunakan dalam pakan ikan dalam bentuk bubuk atau ekstrak antara lain Azadirachta indica, Withania somnifera, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia, dan Aloe barbadensis [27]. Tanaman-tanaman ini dapat diberikan pada ikan tanpa menimbulkan efek samping yang merugikan, berbeda dengan kemoterapeutik. Selain itu, penggunaannya juga hemat biaya, mudah diperoleh, biokompatibel, serta berperan penting dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan dan masyarakat pedesaan [28] (Tabel 1).

Tabel 1. Daftar tanaman obat dan senyawa bioaktif potensialnya untuk penggunaan terapeutik dalam berbagai penyakit akuakultur.

 

Nama ilmiah

Nama umum

Bagian yang digunakan

Senyawa bioaktif

Sifat/aktivitas

Referensi

Scutellaria baicalensis

Skullcap Cina

Bagian aerial

Baicalin, baicalein, 7-O-glukuronida dan oroksilin A

Antimikroba, antioksidan, antikanker, dan antiinflamasi

[29]

Castanea sativa

Kastanye manis

Ekstrak fenolik kulit

Trigalloyl-HHDP-glukosa, asam galat dan quercetin

Antibakteri dan antioksidan

[30]

Pandanus tectorius

Pandan laut

Ekstrak bubuk daun

p-hidroksibenzaldehida, siringaldehida, E-ferulaldehida, E-sinapinaldehida, vanilin dan 5-hidroksimetilfurfural

Antibakteri dan antioksidan

[31]

Aloe vera

Lidah buaya

Daun

7-hidroksialoin A dan B, (8-O-metil-7-hidroksialoin A dan B)

Antibakteri, antijamur, dan antivirus

[32]

Elaeagnus angustifolia

Zaitun Rusia

Ekstrak daun

Sianidin-3-O-glukosida, asam galat dan antosianin

Antimikroba, antioksidan dan antimutagenik

[33]

Coffea arabica

Kopi Arab

Kulit perak kopi

Asam klorogenat, kafein, trigonelin, melanoidin dan diterpen

Antibakteri

[34]

Citrus limon

Lemon

Kulit lemon

Kafeoil N-triptofan, asam hidroksisinamoil-O-glukosida, vicenin 2, eriocitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinosida, dan quercetin-3-rutinosida

Antibakteri dan antijamur

[35]

Nigella sativa

Jintan hitam

Biji

Timoquinon, timohidrokuinon, ditimoquinon, p-simen, karvakrol, 4-terpineol, t-anetol, seskuiterpen, α-pinen, dan timol

Antibakteri

[36]

Arum maculatum

Cuckoo pint

Daun

Radikal bebas DPPH, β-karoten dan tokoferol

Aktivitas antimikroba, antioksidan, antibakteri, antimutagenik, antikarsinogenik dan kardioprotektif

[37]

Aloe barbadensis

Lidah buaya

Daun

Aloe-emodin, aloin, aloesin, emodin dan asamannan

Antijamur, antibakteri, antivirus dan anthelmintik

[38]

Thymus vulgaris

Timi

Minyak

Borneol, karvakrol, simol, linalool, timol, tanin, apigenin, luteolin, saponin dan asam triterpen

Antibakteri, antijamur dan antioksidan

[39]

Achillea cucullata

Gandrain

Minyak

Kamper, 1,8-sineol dan isoborneol

Antioksidan, antibakteri, antimikroba dan penghambat enzim

[40]

Anisomeles malabarica

Catmint Malabar

Daun

β-sitosterol, ovatodiolide, anisomelat, asam malabarat, anisomelol dan asam betulinat triterpen

Antioksidan dan antibakteri

[41]

Cynara cardunculus

Cardoon

Minyak

Asam 5-O-kafeoilkuinat, 3,5-O-dikafeoilkuinat, luteolin-7-O-glukosida, luteolin-7-O-malonilheksosida, asam palmitat, linoleat, stearat, kaproat dan oleat

Antioksidan, antiinflamasi, antijamur dan antibakteri

[42]

Melocanna baccifera

Bambu muli

Daun

β-sitosterol, E-fitol, β-amirin, asam siringat, blumenol B dan asam tianshik

Antijamur, antibakteri, antiprotozoa, antitusif dan imunomodulator

[43]

Thymus linearis

Timi Himalaya

Minyak

Timol, karvakrol, timil asetat dan β-kariofilen

Antimikroba, antibakteri, antioksidan dan antiseptik

[44]

Excoecaria agallocha

Mangrove

Daun

Skualena, tokoferol, terpenoid

Antimikroba, antibakteri dan imunomodulator

[45]

Mentha piperita

Peppermint

Minyak

Menton, iso-menton, mentol, germakren D, α-pinen, limonena, 1,8-sineol dan menton

Antimikroba, antibakteri dan imunostimulan

[46]

Ocimum sanctum

Tulsi

Daun

Asam ursolat, asam oleanolat dan salrigenin

Antioksidan, antimikroba, anti-stres, antibakteri, antidiabetes dan antivirus

[47]

Citrus medica

Jeruk jari

Buah

Limonena, geranial dan neral

Antijamur dan antibakteri

[48]

Zingiber officinale

Jahe

Akar

Zingiberen, β-bisabolen, α-farnesen, β-seskuifelandren, α-kurkumen, 6-gingerol dan 6-shogaol

Antioksidan, antibakteri, antiinflamasi dan antimikroba

[49]

Cinnamomum cassia

Kayu manis Cina

Kulit batang

Sinamaldehida, minyak kayu manis, eugenol, salisilaldehida dan asam trans-sinamat

Antioksidan, antiinflamasi dan antibakteri

[50]

Eriobotrya japonica

Loquat Jepang

Daun

Asam korosolat, 3-epikorosolat, asam euskafik, asam oleanolat, asam maslinat, metil arjunolat dan asam betulinat

Antioksidan, antiinflamasi dan antibakteri

[51]

Tinospora cordifolia

Guduchi

Daun

Berberin, kolin, tinosporin, tinokordisida, furanolakton dan β-sitosterol

Antibakteri

[52]

Withania somnifera

Ashwagandha

Akar

Withaniol, withasomnine, somnirol, somnitol, asam withanat, fitosterol dan ipuranol

Antibakteri

[53]

Toona sinensis

Cedar Cina

Daun

Asam ursolat, asam betulinat, cedrellin, fitol dan skopoletin

Antibakteri, antivirus, antioksidan, antikanker dan antiinflamasi

[54]

Punica granatum

Delima

Daun

Tanin elagat dan galat

Antivirus dan antibakteri

[55]

Thymus daenensis

Timi

Minyak

Timol, p-simen, 1,8-sineol, γ-terpinen dan karvakrol

Antiseptik, antimikroba, antispasmodik, antibakteri, antioksidan dan antitusif

[56]

Indigofera suffruticosa

Indigo India

Daun

Asam siringat, asam p-kumarat, vanilin, siringaldehida, asam salisilat, quercetin, isolikuiritigenin, dan formononetin

Antibakteri

[57]

Camellia sinensis

Tanaman teh

Daun dan pucuk

Katekin, epikatekin, teaflavin, glikosida flavonol, L-teanin, kafein dan teobromin

Antiparasit dan antibakteri

[58]

Allium sativum

Bawang putih

Umbi

Allicin, alliin, dialil sulfida, dialil disulfida, dialil trisulfida, ajoene, dan S-alil-sistein

Hipolipidemik, antibakteri, antimikroba, antihipertensi dan hepatoprotektif

[59]

Carica papaya

Pepaya

Biji

Tanin, papain, nikotin, glikosida sianogenik dan quercetin

Antioksidan, antibakteri dan antimikroba

[60]

 

Peningkatan dan percepatan pertumbuhan sektor akuakultur memerlukan pengembangan serta produksi senyawa herbal yang efektif, aman, dan bebas pencemaran. Obat herbal relatif murah dan menunjukkan hasil yang sangat baik. Selain itu, obat herbal bersifat ramah lingkungan (eco-friendly) dan berkelanjutan (green) [61]. Kajian farmakologi dan toksikologi berbagai obat herbal serta preparat senyawa masih perlu diperkuat, khususnya terkait fungsi dalam pengobatan organisme akuatik, pencegahan penyakit, peningkatan pertumbuhan, dan perbaikan kualitas produk perairan. Kemampuan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh kandungan bahan aktif, komposisi, struktur kimia, metode ekstraksi, serta interaksi antar senyawa aktif.

Berbagai negara saat ini активно mengembangkan metode budidaya ramah lingkungan (green farming) dan meningkatkan investasi dalam penelitian ilmiah. Seiring dengan perkembangan masyarakat menuju arah yang lebih peduli terhadap perlindungan lingkungan dan kesehatan, sektor akuakultur juga mengikuti tren tersebut [62]. Dengan memanfaatkan kombinasi ekstrak kimia atau imunostimulan alami, tanaman obat dapat digunakan dalam bentuk utuh maupun bagian tertentu. Karena relatif lebih murah secara lingkungan, tanaman obat menunjukkan efek samping yang minimal, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pengganti antibiotik dalam industri perikanan. Relevansi tanaman sebagai bahan alami yang tidak merusak lingkungan menjadikannya berpotensi besar sebagai substitusi antibiotik dalam akuakultur [63].

Sektor akuakultur semakin bergantung pada fitoterapi karena telah terbukti memberikan berbagai keuntungan, seperti meningkatkan sistem penghantaran (delivery system), bioavailabilitas, serta pelepasan berkelanjutan senyawa bioaktif [64].

 

2. Karakteristik Aeromonas hydrophila

2.1. Karakter morfologi

Ciri-ciri seperti pembentukan kapsul dan sifat motil melalui pembentukan flagela telah diamati [65]. Isolat A. hydrophila menghasilkan flagela lateral untuk pergerakan di permukaan (swarming) dan flagela polar untuk pergerakan dalam medium cair (suspensi). Produksi flagela polar pada A. piscicola AH-3 telah diteliti, di mana mutasi pada gen flaAB, flaH, fliA, fliM, maf-1, dan flrC menghilangkan pembentukan flagela polar, sehingga menurunkan kemampuan adhesi dan pembentukan biofilm [66].

 

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Selain memiliki satu jenis flagelin lateral, A. piscicola AH-3 juga memiliki flagela polar dan lateral yang terglikosilasi. Sebaliknya, A. hydrophila AH-1 memiliki dua jenis flagelin lateral tetapi hanya satu flagela polar yang terglikosilasi [67]. Pada A. piscicola AH-3, mutasi pada gen biosintesis asam pseudaminat (pseB dan pseI) menghambat pembentukan flagelin polar dan lateral, sedangkan pada A. hydrophila AH-1 hanya memengaruhi pembentukan flagela polar. Dengan demikian, pada mutan A. hydrophila AH-1 yang tidak mengalami glikosilasi, produksi flagela lateral tetap tidak terpengaruh [68].

2.2. Karakter fisiologi

Karakter fisiologis meliputi suhu maksimum pertumbuhan dalam media nutrien cair (30, 37, dan 41 °C); kebutuhan faktor pertumbuhan menggunakan medium mineral-amonium yang mengandung glukosa atau suksinat sebagai satu-satunya sumber karbon dan energi; kemampuan tumbuh dalam air pepton dengan atau tanpa natrium klorida; produksi katalase; pertumbuhan dalam media KCN; serta reaksi metil merah dan Voges-Proskauer [69].

2.3. Metabolisme karbohidrat

Karakter metabolisme karbohidrat meliputi produksi asam dan gas dari glukosa dan gliserol; produksi asam dari L-arabinosa, L-ramnosa, L-xilosa, D-manosa, D-selobiosa, D-laktosa, D-maltosa, D-sukrosa, D-trehalosa, D-manitol, D-dulsitol, D-sorbitol, salisin, sorbosa, rafinosa, eritritol, mukat, adonitol, meso-inositol, dan melibiosa; hidrolisis esculin; serta produksi enzim butanediol dehidrogenase dan β-galaktosidase [70].

2.4. Metabolisme senyawa nitrogen

Meliputi produksi urease, lisin dekarboksilase, fenilalanin deaminase, triptofan deaminase, ornitin dekarboksilase, arginin dihidrolase, produksi H₂S pada medium Kligler dan dari sistein pada agar besi-sistein, reduktase tetrationat, serta pembentukan indol dalam air pepton [71].

2.5. Enzim ekstraseluler

Karakteristik biokimia dan fisiologis isolat A. hydrophila ditunjukkan pada Tabel 2 [72]. Isolat tersebut menunjukkan kesamaan karakteristik dengan hasil penelitian sebelumnya [73,74]. Enzim ekstraseluler yang dihasilkan meliputi elastase, lipase, gelatinase, pektinase, RNase, dan DNase [75]

 

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