Tinjauan tentang Patogenisitas Aeromonas
hydrophila dan Upaya Mitigasinya Melalui Tanaman Obat dalam Akuakultur
(Bagian I)
ABSTRAK
Aeromonas hydrophila
merupakan bakteri air tawar, anaerob fakultatif, dan bersifat
kemo-organoheterotrof yang menyebabkan gangguan pada ikan berupa
gastroenteritis dan septisemia, serta menimbulkan penyakit yang dikenal sebagai
Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), yang berdampak pada lingkungan perairan. Hemolisin, aerolisin,
sitosin, gelatinase, enterotoksin, dan peptida antimikroba telah diidentifikasi
sebagai faktor virulensi pada A. hydrophila. Tanaman obat/herbal beserta
pemanfaatannya merupakan pendekatan yang cepat, mudah diperoleh, hemat biaya,
efisien, dan ramah lingkungan untuk mendukung pembangunan sosial-ekonomi yang
berkelanjutan dalam praktik akuakultur modern. Fitoterapi, baik melalui
perendaman maupun melalui penambahan dalam pakan, merupakan alternatif terhadap
obat sintetis untuk mengurangi patogenisitas patogen di lingkungan perairan.
Keberadaan fitokonstituen penting
seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, pigmen, terpenoid, steroid, dan minyak atsiri
membuat tanaman obat memiliki aktivitas antimikroba, perangsang nafsu makan,
anti-stres, pemacu pertumbuhan, dan imunostimulan. Industri akuakultur lebih
memilih teknik atau senyawa berbasis fitoterapi untuk meningkatkan ketahanan
terhadap berbagai patogen akuatik pada ikan budidaya karena sifatnya yang murah
dan ramah lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, tinjauan ini menguraikan berbagai
aplikasi fitoterapi sebagai alat yang menjanjikan dalam manajemen penyakit di
akuakultur serta sebagai langkah penting menuju akuakultur organik.
Kata kunci: Aeromonas hydrophila,
Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), imunostimulan, fitoterapi, herbal,
patogenisitas, septisemia hemoragik
1. PENDAHULUAN
Aeromonas hydrophila merupakan
bakteri air tawar, anaerob fakultatif, dan kemo-organoheterotrof yang
menyebabkan penyakit pada ikan, amfibi, reptil, burung, dan mamalia, dengan
gastroenteritis, septisemia, dan fasciitis nekrotikan sebagai bentuk penyakit
yang paling umum [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. Spesies Aeromonas dapat ditemukan
di berbagai habitat perairan dan lingkungan, termasuk sedimen, estuari, rumput
laut, lamun, air limbah, air minum, dan makanan [5,6].
Genus Aeromonas terdiri atas bakteri Gram-negatif berbentuk batang (basil) atau kokobasil, motil, tidak membentuk spora, dengan ujung membulat dan ukuran sekitar 1–3,5 μm, serta termasuk dalam famili Aeromonadaceae dari kelas Gammaproteobacteria. Bakteri ini bersifat anaerob fakultatif, katalase-, oksidase-, dan indol-positif, mampu mereduksi nitrat menjadi nitrit, dan umumnya resisten terhadap agen vibriostatik O/129. Dalam survei mikrobiologi, A. hydrophila ditemukan dominan di Teluk Chesapeake dan anak sungainya dengan konsentrasi berkisar sekitar 4,6 × 10²/g pada sedimen dan <0,3/l hingga 5 × 10³/ml di kolom air [7]. Kaper et al. [8] melaporkan bahwa A. hydrophila pada perairan budidaya kerang memiliki jumlah sel berkisar 3–2400 sel/100 ml dalam air dan 3–4600 sel/100 g pada tiram.
Ikan mas (carp) merupakan kelompok utama ikan air tawar yang penting
sebagai sumber pangan dan model penelitian di seluruh dunia. Aeromonas
sp. dan Pseudomonas sp. merupakan bakteri yang paling umum diisolasi
dari sistem budidaya ikan mas [9]. A. hydrophila merupakan bakteri yang
banyak diteliti karena keberadaannya di estuari [10], makanan [11], air [12],
resistensi terhadap antibiotik, serta potensinya menyebabkan penyakit pada
hewan dan manusia [13]. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa spesies Aeromonas
yang motil, terutama A. hydrophila, merupakan penyebab utama berbagai
infeksi [14].
Aeromoniasis dilaporkan sebagai penyakit bakteri yang paling umum
terjadi sepanjang tahun pada ikan mas utama India seperti Catla catla, Labeo
rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, serta ikan mas eksotik seperti Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, dan Cyprinus carpio. Di
antara enam spesies ikan yang diuji, H. molitrix paling sensitif
terhadap Aeromonas [9]. A. hydrophila memiliki habitat alami di
perairan dan dapat tumbuh pada suhu 0 hingga 45 °C, dengan suhu optimum 22–32
°C. Pada ikan, infeksi A. hydrophila merupakan penyakit zoonosis, yaitu
dapat ditularkan antara hewan dan manusia [15]. Kondisi stres seperti kepadatan
tinggi, rendahnya oksigen terlarut, tingginya kandungan bahan organik, luka
fisik, fluktuasi suhu, dan pencemaran industri dapat memicu infeksi A.
hydrophila [16,17].
A. hydrophila diklasifikasikan
sebagai patogen primer atau sekunder [18,19]. Jika patogen menyebabkan penyakit
secara langsung pada ikan yang mengalami stres, maka disebut patogen primer.
Namun, secara umum A. hydrophila lebih sering ditemukan sebagai patogen
sekunder [20]. Karena kemampuan invasifnya terbatas, patogen sekunder
bergantung pada adanya infeksi primer. Oleh karena itu, A. hydrophila
biasanya menginfeksi ikan yang telah terinfeksi sebelumnya oleh patogen lain
[21]. Selain itu, A. hydrophila juga dapat bertindak sebagai patogen
oportunistik yang menginfeksi ikan dalam kondisi stres atau bersama patogen
lain [22]. Bakteri ini juga dianggap sebagai biomarker yang efektif untuk
menunjukkan kondisi lingkungan perairan yang stres atau tercemar [23]. Istilah
“patogen oportunistik” berarti bahwa jika ada kesempatan, A. hydrophila
selalu berpotensi menyebabkan penyakit [20].
Di India, “Mrgayurveda”, sebagai subdisiplin Ayurveda, berfokus pada
kehidupan hewan dan penggunaan obat herbal untuk mengobati penyakit hewan [24].
Fitoterapi merupakan praktik pengobatan yang lebih menekankan pendekatan
tradisional dibandingkan obat modern, dengan keterlibatan kuat pada pengetahuan
dan penggunaan herbal medis. Meskipun industri akuakultur baru mulai menerapkan
fitoterapi, pendekatan ini semakin diakui sebagai alternatif pengobatan
pengganti obat sintetis [25].
Aplikasi ini bersifat biodegradable dan ramah lingkungan, dikenal
sebagai fitoterapi atau lebih umum disebut herbalism. Secara global, penggunaan
tanaman obat dalam akuakultur telah menarik perhatian besar dan menjadi topik
penelitian ilmiah yang aktif [24,26]. Tanaman obat diketahui mengandung
berbagai senyawa bioaktif yang berfungsi sebagai perangsang nafsu makan, pemacu
pertumbuhan, antibakteri, imunostimulan, antiinflamasi, anti-stres, dan
antikanker, serta telah digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional selama ribuan
tahun.
Tanaman obat yang umum digunakan dalam pakan ikan dalam bentuk bubuk
atau ekstrak antara lain Azadirachta indica, Withania somnifera, Allium
sativum, Zingiber officinale, Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora
cordifolia, dan Aloe barbadensis [27]. Tanaman-tanaman ini dapat
diberikan pada ikan tanpa menimbulkan efek samping yang merugikan, berbeda
dengan kemoterapeutik. Selain itu, penggunaannya juga hemat biaya, mudah
diperoleh, biokompatibel, serta berperan penting dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan
dan masyarakat pedesaan [28] (Tabel 1).
Tabel 1. Daftar tanaman obat dan senyawa bioaktif potensialnya untuk
penggunaan terapeutik dalam berbagai penyakit akuakultur.
|
Nama ilmiah |
Nama umum |
Bagian yang digunakan |
Senyawa bioaktif |
Sifat/aktivitas |
Referensi |
|
Scutellaria baicalensis |
Skullcap Cina |
Bagian aerial |
Baicalin, baicalein, 7-O-glukuronida dan oroksilin A |
Antimikroba, antioksidan,
antikanker, dan antiinflamasi |
[29] |
|
Castanea sativa |
Kastanye manis |
Ekstrak fenolik kulit |
Trigalloyl-HHDP-glukosa, asam galat dan quercetin |
Antibakteri dan antioksidan |
[30] |
|
Pandanus tectorius |
Pandan laut |
Ekstrak bubuk daun |
p-hidroksibenzaldehida, siringaldehida, E-ferulaldehida,
E-sinapinaldehida, vanilin dan 5-hidroksimetilfurfural |
Antibakteri dan antioksidan |
[31] |
|
Aloe vera |
Lidah buaya |
Daun |
7-hidroksialoin A dan B, (8-O-metil-7-hidroksialoin A dan B) |
Antibakteri, antijamur, dan antivirus |
[32] |
|
Elaeagnus angustifolia |
Zaitun Rusia |
Ekstrak daun |
Sianidin-3-O-glukosida, asam galat
dan antosianin |
Antimikroba, antioksidan dan antimutagenik |
[33] |
|
Coffea arabica |
Kopi Arab |
Kulit perak kopi |
Asam klorogenat, kafein, trigonelin, melanoidin dan diterpen |
Antibakteri |
[34] |
|
Citrus limon |
Lemon |
Kulit lemon |
Kafeoil N-triptofan, asam hidroksisinamoil-O-glukosida, vicenin 2,
eriocitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinosida, dan quercetin-3-rutinosida |
Antibakteri dan antijamur |
[35] |
|
Nigella sativa |
Jintan hitam |
Biji |
Timoquinon, timohidrokuinon, ditimoquinon, p-simen, karvakrol,
4-terpineol, t-anetol, seskuiterpen, α-pinen, dan timol |
Antibakteri |
[36] |
|
Arum maculatum |
Cuckoo pint |
Daun |
Radikal bebas DPPH, β-karoten dan tokoferol |
Aktivitas antimikroba,
antioksidan, antibakteri, antimutagenik, antikarsinogenik dan kardioprotektif |
[37] |
|
Aloe barbadensis |
Lidah buaya |
Daun |
Aloe-emodin, aloin, aloesin,
emodin dan asamannan |
Antijamur, antibakteri, antivirus
dan anthelmintik |
[38] |
|
Thymus vulgaris |
Timi |
Minyak |
Borneol, karvakrol, simol, linalool, timol, tanin, apigenin, luteolin,
saponin dan asam triterpen |
Antibakteri, antijamur dan antioksidan |
[39] |
|
Achillea cucullata |
Gandrain |
Minyak |
Kamper, 1,8-sineol dan isoborneol |
Antioksidan, antibakteri, antimikroba dan penghambat enzim |
[40] |
|
Anisomeles malabarica |
Catmint Malabar |
Daun |
β-sitosterol, ovatodiolide, anisomelat, asam malabarat, anisomelol dan
asam betulinat triterpen |
Antioksidan dan antibakteri |
[41] |
|
Cynara cardunculus |
Cardoon |
Minyak |
Asam 5-O-kafeoilkuinat,
3,5-O-dikafeoilkuinat, luteolin-7-O-glukosida, luteolin-7-O-malonilheksosida,
asam palmitat, linoleat, stearat, kaproat dan oleat |
Antioksidan, antiinflamasi,
antijamur dan antibakteri |
[42] |
|
Melocanna baccifera |
Bambu muli |
Daun |
β-sitosterol, E-fitol, β-amirin, asam siringat, blumenol B dan asam
tianshik |
Antijamur, antibakteri,
antiprotozoa, antitusif dan imunomodulator |
[43] |
|
Thymus linearis |
Timi Himalaya |
Minyak |
Timol, karvakrol, timil asetat dan β-kariofilen |
Antimikroba, antibakteri, antioksidan dan antiseptik |
[44] |
|
Excoecaria agallocha |
Mangrove |
Daun |
Skualena, tokoferol, terpenoid |
Antimikroba, antibakteri dan imunomodulator |
[45] |
|
Mentha piperita |
Peppermint |
Minyak |
Menton, iso-menton, mentol,
germakren D, α-pinen, limonena,
1,8-sineol dan menton |
Antimikroba, antibakteri dan imunostimulan |
[46] |
|
Ocimum sanctum |
Tulsi |
Daun |
Asam ursolat, asam oleanolat dan salrigenin |
Antioksidan, antimikroba, anti-stres, antibakteri, antidiabetes dan
antivirus |
[47] |
|
Citrus medica |
Jeruk jari |
Buah |
Limonena, geranial dan neral |
Antijamur dan antibakteri |
[48] |
|
Zingiber officinale |
Jahe |
Akar |
Zingiberen, β-bisabolen, α-farnesen, β-seskuifelandren, α-kurkumen,
6-gingerol dan 6-shogaol |
Antioksidan, antibakteri,
antiinflamasi dan antimikroba |
[49] |
|
Cinnamomum cassia |
Kayu manis Cina |
Kulit batang |
Sinamaldehida, minyak kayu manis,
eugenol, salisilaldehida dan asam trans-sinamat |
Antioksidan, antiinflamasi dan antibakteri |
[50] |
|
Eriobotrya japonica |
Loquat Jepang |
Daun |
Asam korosolat, 3-epikorosolat, asam euskafik, asam oleanolat, asam
maslinat, metil arjunolat dan asam betulinat |
Antioksidan, antiinflamasi dan antibakteri |
[51] |
|
Tinospora cordifolia |
Guduchi |
Daun |
Berberin, kolin, tinosporin,
tinokordisida, furanolakton dan β-sitosterol |
Antibakteri |
[52] |
|
Withania somnifera |
Ashwagandha |
Akar |
Withaniol, withasomnine, somnirol, somnitol, asam withanat, fitosterol
dan ipuranol |
Antibakteri |
[53] |
|
Toona sinensis |
Cedar Cina |
Daun |
Asam ursolat, asam betulinat, cedrellin, fitol dan skopoletin |
Antibakteri, antivirus,
antioksidan, antikanker dan antiinflamasi |
[54] |
|
Punica granatum |
Delima |
Daun |
Tanin elagat dan galat |
Antivirus dan antibakteri |
[55] |
|
Thymus daenensis |
Timi |
Minyak |
Timol, p-simen, 1,8-sineol, γ-terpinen dan karvakrol |
Antiseptik, antimikroba, antispasmodik, antibakteri, antioksidan dan
antitusif |
[56] |
|
Indigofera suffruticosa |
Indigo India |
Daun |
Asam siringat, asam p-kumarat,
vanilin, siringaldehida, asam salisilat, quercetin, isolikuiritigenin, dan
formononetin |
Antibakteri |
[57] |
|
Camellia sinensis |
Tanaman teh |
Daun dan pucuk |
Katekin, epikatekin, teaflavin,
glikosida flavonol, L-teanin, kafein dan teobromin |
Antiparasit dan antibakteri |
[58] |
|
Allium sativum |
Bawang putih |
Umbi |
Allicin, alliin, dialil sulfida, dialil disulfida, dialil trisulfida,
ajoene, dan S-alil-sistein |
Hipolipidemik, antibakteri,
antimikroba, antihipertensi dan hepatoprotektif |
[59] |
|
Carica papaya |
Pepaya |
Biji |
Tanin, papain, nikotin, glikosida
sianogenik dan quercetin |
Antioksidan, antibakteri dan antimikroba |
[60] |
Peningkatan dan percepatan pertumbuhan sektor akuakultur memerlukan
pengembangan serta produksi senyawa herbal yang efektif, aman, dan bebas
pencemaran. Obat herbal relatif murah dan menunjukkan hasil yang sangat baik.
Selain itu, obat herbal bersifat ramah lingkungan (eco-friendly) dan
berkelanjutan (green) [61]. Kajian farmakologi dan toksikologi berbagai obat
herbal serta preparat senyawa masih perlu diperkuat, khususnya terkait fungsi
dalam pengobatan organisme akuatik, pencegahan penyakit, peningkatan pertumbuhan,
dan perbaikan kualitas produk perairan. Kemampuan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh
kandungan bahan aktif, komposisi, struktur kimia, metode ekstraksi, serta
interaksi antar senyawa aktif.
Berbagai negara saat ini активно mengembangkan metode budidaya ramah
lingkungan (green farming) dan meningkatkan investasi dalam penelitian ilmiah.
Seiring dengan perkembangan masyarakat menuju arah yang lebih peduli terhadap
perlindungan lingkungan dan kesehatan, sektor akuakultur juga mengikuti tren
tersebut [62]. Dengan memanfaatkan kombinasi ekstrak kimia atau imunostimulan
alami, tanaman obat dapat digunakan dalam bentuk utuh maupun bagian tertentu.
Karena relatif lebih murah secara lingkungan, tanaman obat menunjukkan efek
samping yang minimal, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pengganti
antibiotik dalam industri perikanan. Relevansi tanaman sebagai bahan alami yang
tidak merusak lingkungan menjadikannya berpotensi besar sebagai substitusi
antibiotik dalam akuakultur [63].
Sektor akuakultur semakin bergantung
pada fitoterapi karena telah terbukti memberikan berbagai keuntungan, seperti
meningkatkan sistem penghantaran (delivery system), bioavailabilitas, serta
pelepasan berkelanjutan senyawa bioaktif [64].
2. Karakteristik Aeromonas
hydrophila
2.1. Karakter morfologi
Ciri-ciri seperti pembentukan kapsul
dan sifat motil melalui pembentukan flagela telah diamati [65]. Isolat A.
hydrophila menghasilkan flagela lateral untuk pergerakan di permukaan
(swarming) dan flagela polar untuk pergerakan dalam medium cair (suspensi).
Produksi flagela polar pada A. piscicola AH-3 telah diteliti, di mana
mutasi pada gen flaAB, flaH, fliA, fliM, maf-1,
dan flrC menghilangkan pembentukan flagela polar, sehingga menurunkan
kemampuan adhesi dan pembentukan biofilm [66].
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2.2. Karakter fisiologi
Karakter fisiologis meliputi suhu
maksimum pertumbuhan dalam media nutrien cair (30, 37, dan 41 °C); kebutuhan
faktor pertumbuhan menggunakan medium mineral-amonium yang mengandung glukosa
atau suksinat sebagai satu-satunya sumber karbon dan energi; kemampuan tumbuh
dalam air pepton dengan atau tanpa natrium klorida; produksi katalase;
pertumbuhan dalam media KCN; serta reaksi metil merah dan Voges-Proskauer [69].
2.3. Metabolisme
karbohidrat
Karakter metabolisme karbohidrat
meliputi produksi asam dan gas dari glukosa dan gliserol; produksi asam dari
L-arabinosa, L-ramnosa, L-xilosa, D-manosa, D-selobiosa, D-laktosa, D-maltosa,
D-sukrosa, D-trehalosa, D-manitol, D-dulsitol, D-sorbitol, salisin, sorbosa,
rafinosa, eritritol, mukat, adonitol, meso-inositol, dan melibiosa; hidrolisis
esculin; serta produksi enzim butanediol dehidrogenase dan β-galaktosidase [70].
2.4. Metabolisme senyawa
nitrogen
Meliputi produksi urease, lisin
dekarboksilase, fenilalanin deaminase, triptofan deaminase, ornitin
dekarboksilase, arginin dihidrolase, produksi H₂S pada medium Kligler dan dari
sistein pada agar besi-sistein, reduktase tetrationat, serta pembentukan indol
dalam air pepton [71].
2.5. Enzim ekstraseluler
Karakteristik biokimia dan
fisiologis isolat A. hydrophila ditunjukkan pada Tabel 2 [72]. Isolat
tersebut menunjukkan kesamaan karakteristik dengan hasil penelitian sebelumnya
[73,74]. Enzim ekstraseluler yang dihasilkan meliputi elastase, lipase,
gelatinase, pektinase, RNase, dan DNase [75]
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