Mau Sukses Besar? Bereskan 10 Hal Kecil Ini Sebelum Mengejar Impian Besarmu!

Sukses Besar Dimulai dari Hal-hal Kecil yang Sering Kamu Abaikan:

Jangan Bermimpi Besar Kalau Hal Kecil Saja Tidak Bisa Kamu Bereskan

 

Kamu ingin sukses besar?

Ingin punya bisnis besar, karier cemerlang, penghasilan tinggi, rumah bagus, dihormati banyak orang, memiliki perusahaan sendiri, atau menjadi seseorang yang memberi dampak bagi banyak orang?

Itu semua adalah impian yang baik. Tetapi ada satu pertanyaan sederhana yang perlu kamu jawab terlebih dahulu: bagaimana keadaan hidupmu dari hal-hal yang paling kecil?

Bangun tidur, tempat tidur dibiarkan berantakan. Membuka lemari untuk mencari pakaian, tetapi pakaian yang sudah dipakai dibiarkan berserakan. Selesai makan, piring ditinggalkan begitu saja di meja. Sepatu dan kaus kaki dilepas sembarangan. Kuku dibiarkan panjang sampai seperti kuku drakula. Foto dan video di HP menumpuk di mana-mana tanpa folder yang jelas.

Kemudian kamu berkata, “Saya ingin sukses besar.”

Tunggu dulu.

Bukan berarti merapikan tempat tidur otomatis membuat seseorang menjadi miliarder. Bukan pula berarti memotong kuku atau memasukkan sepatu ke tempatnya adalah rahasia menjadi pengusaha sukses.

Masalah sebenarnya jauh lebih dalam.

Hal-hal kecil itu menunjukkan bagaimana kamu memperlakukan tanggung jawab ketika tidak ada orang yang mengawasi.

Kesuksesan bukan hanya tentang kemampuan melakukan sesuatu yang besar. Kesuksesan juga tentang kemampuan mengendalikan diri untuk melakukan hal-hal kecil yang benar, berulang kali, bahkan ketika tidak ada yang memberikan tepuk tangan.

James Clear dalam Atomic Habits menjelaskan bahwa perubahan besar dalam kehidupan sering kali merupakan hasil dari akumulasi perubahan kecil yang dilakukan secara konsisten. Kebiasaan yang tampaknya sepele, jika dilakukan terus-menerus, dapat menghasilkan perubahan yang sangat besar dalam jangka panjang (Clear, 2018).

Karena itu, jangan terlalu cepat bertanya, “Bagaimana saya bisa sukses besar?”

Pertanyaan yang lebih penting adalah:

“Kebiasaan kecil apa yang harus saya bangun mulai hari ini?”

Kesuksesan Besar Tidak Datang dari Satu Langkah Besar

Banyak anak muda membayangkan kesuksesan seperti sebuah lompatan.

Hari ini biasa saja. Besok tiba-tiba menjadi sukses.

Hari ini tidak punya apa-apa. Besok memiliki perusahaan besar.

Hari ini tidak dikenal siapa-siapa. Besok menjadi tokoh terkenal.

Padahal kenyataannya hampir selalu berbeda.

Kesuksesan besar biasanya merupakan hasil dari ribuan langkah kecil yang dilakukan secara konsisten dalam waktu yang panjang.

Seorang atlet tidak menjadi juara hanya karena satu kali latihan. Seorang ilmuwan tidak menghasilkan penemuan besar hanya karena satu hari bekerja di laboratorium. Seorang pengusaha tidak membangun perusahaan besar hanya karena satu keputusan.

Di belakang sebuah pencapaian besar biasanya terdapat ribuan aktivitas yang tidak terlihat: belajar, membaca, mencoba, gagal, memperbaiki kesalahan, menjaga disiplin, membangun hubungan, menepati janji, mengelola waktu, mengendalikan emosi, dan terus bekerja ketika orang lain sudah berhenti.

Inilah bagian dari kesuksesan yang sering tidak terlihat di media sosial.

Kita melihat hasil akhirnya.

Kita tidak melihat proses panjang yang membentuknya.

Kita melihat gedung pencakar langit yang menjulang tinggi. Kita lupa bahwa sebelum gedung itu terlihat, fondasinya telah dibangun jauh ke dalam tanah.

Semakin tinggi bangunan yang ingin kamu dirikan, semakin kuat fondasi yang harus kamu siapkan.

Begitu pula kehidupan.

Kalau kamu ingin sukses besar, bangunlah fondasi yang besar.

Dan fondasi itu dibangun dari kebiasaan-kebiasaan kecil.

Disiplin Dimulai Ketika Tidak Ada yang Melihat

Ada perbedaan besar antara melakukan sesuatu karena diperintah dan melakukan sesuatu karena sadar bahwa itu memang tanggung jawabmu.

Ketika orang tua menyuruhmu merapikan kamar, kamu mungkin melakukannya karena takut dimarahi.

Tetapi ketika kamu mulai merapikan kamar tanpa disuruh, di situlah disiplin mulai tumbuh.

Ketika tidak ada yang melihat, kamu tetap menyimpan sepatu pada tempatnya.

Ketika selesai makan, kamu membawa piring ke tempat cuci.

Ketika pakaian kotor, kamu memasukkannya ke tempat pakaian kotor.

Ketika file di HP mulai berantakan, kamu mengaturnya.

Ketika mempunyai janji, kamu datang tepat waktu.

Ketika melakukan kesalahan, kamu mengakuinya.

Hal-hal itu mungkin tampak sederhana.

Namun justru dari situlah karakter dibentuk.

Penelitian tentang kebiasaan menunjukkan bahwa perilaku yang dilakukan berulang dalam konteks yang konsisten dapat menjadi semakin otomatis. Dengan kata lain, apa yang terus-menerus kita lakukan akhirnya menjadi bagian dari pola perilaku kita (Lally et al., 2010).

Karena itu, jangan meremehkan kebiasaan kecil.

Hari ini kamu sedang membangun perilaku.

Besok perilaku itu membangun karaktermu.

Dan dalam jangka panjang, karaktermu ikut menentukan arah hidupmu.

Orang Sukses Bukan Hanya Pintar, tetapi Bisa Dipercaya

Ada satu modal yang sangat mahal dalam kehidupan: kepercayaan.

Orang boleh pintar.

Orang boleh memiliki gelar tinggi.

Orang boleh mempunyai kemampuan teknis yang luar biasa.

Tetapi jika orang lain tidak dapat mempercayainya, perjalanan menuju kesuksesan akan menjadi jauh lebih sulit.

Bayangkan seorang pengusaha yang selalu berkata jujur.

Jika salah, dia berani mengatakan, “Saya salah.”

Jika merugikan orang lain, dia berani meminta maaf dan memperbaikinya.

Jika berjanji, dia berusaha menepatinya.

Jika tidak mampu memenuhi janji, dia memberikan penjelasan secara terbuka.

Orang seperti ini perlahan-lahan membangun reputasi.

Mungkin pada awalnya tidak terlihat.

Tetapi setelah bertahun-tahun, orang akan berkata:

“Kalau bekerja dengan dia, saya percaya.”

Kepercayaan seperti itu adalah aset yang tidak selalu tercatat dalam laporan keuangan, tetapi nilainya sangat besar.

Dalam dunia bisnis dan organisasi, kepercayaan berkaitan erat dengan kualitas hubungan, kerja sama, dan keberlangsungan hubungan profesional. Integritas bukan sekadar persoalan moral pribadi, tetapi juga menjadi fondasi penting dalam membangun hubungan yang sehat dan produktif.

Karena itu, jika kamu ingin menjadi pemimpin besar suatu hari nanti, mulailah dengan menjadi orang yang dapat dipercaya hari ini.

Cara Kamu Memperlakukan Orang Menentukan Besarnya Kepemimpinanmu

Ada orang yang ketika sudah memiliki jabatan mulai berubah.

Ketika masih membutuhkan orang lain, dia ramah.

Setelah memiliki kekuasaan, dia mulai meremehkan orang.

Padahal kepemimpinan sejati justru terlihat dari cara seseorang memperlakukan orang yang berada di bawah tanggung jawabnya.

Bayangkan seorang pemimpin perusahaan yang menyapa karyawannya dengan baik.

Dia mengetahui siapa yang bekerja keras.

Dia menghargai prestasi.

Dia mau mendengarkan masalah.

Dia memberikan penghargaan secara adil.

Dia tidak mempermalukan bawahannya di depan orang lain.

Karyawan akhirnya merasa dihargai.

Mereka merasa pekerjaannya memiliki arti.

Mereka merasa diperlakukan sebagai manusia, bukan sekadar angka dalam laporan perusahaan.

Penelitian mengenai psychological safety dan perilaku dalam organisasi menunjukkan pentingnya lingkungan kerja yang membuat anggota merasa dihargai, aman untuk menyampaikan pendapat, dan mampu berkontribusi secara positif (Edmondson, 1999).

Jadi, kalau suatu hari kamu ingin memimpin seribu orang, belajar dahulu memperlakukan satu orang dengan baik.

Kalau ingin memiliki perusahaan besar, belajar menghargai satu rekan kerja.

Kalau ingin dipercaya banyak orang, mulai dengan menjadi orang yang bisa dipercaya oleh orang-orang terdekatmu.

Kepemimpinan besar dibangun dari kebiasaan kecil dalam memperlakukan manusia.

Bangun Pagi Bukan Sekadar Soal Jam, tetapi Soal Kendali Diri

Kebiasaan sehat juga merupakan bagian dari fondasi kesuksesan.

Tidur cukup.

Bangun secara teratur.

Berolahraga.

Mengonsumsi makanan yang baik.

Mengatur waktu.

Mengurangi kebiasaan yang tidak produktif.

Semua itu mungkin terdengar biasa.

Tetapi kehidupan yang hebat sulit dibangun dengan tubuh dan pikiran yang terus-menerus diperlakukan secara sembarangan.

Tidur, misalnya, bukan sekadar waktu untuk berhenti bekerja. Tidur berperan penting dalam fungsi kognitif, kesehatan, suasana hati, dan kemampuan tubuh untuk memulihkan diri. Karena itu, menjaga kualitas dan kecukupan tidur merupakan bagian dari investasi jangka panjang terhadap kemampuan kita untuk belajar, bekerja, dan mengambil keputusan (Walker, 2017).

Anak muda sering merasa harus terus bergerak agar tidak tertinggal.

Padahal ada saatnya kamu harus berhenti sejenak untuk memulihkan diri.

Disiplin bukan berarti bekerja tanpa berhenti. Disiplin berarti mengetahui kapan harus bekerja dan kapan harus beristirahat.

Rapikan Hidupmu Sebelum Ingin Mengelola Sesuatu yang Besar

Coba lihat HP-mu.

Berapa ribu foto dan video yang tersimpan?

Berapa banyak file yang tidak memiliki nama jelas?

Berapa banyak aplikasi yang tidak pernah digunakan?

Berapa banyak pesan yang tidak pernah dibaca?

Berapa banyak tugas yang terus ditunda?

Hal seperti ini memang terlihat sepele.

Tetapi keteraturan adalah keterampilan.

Orang yang terbiasa mengelola hal-hal kecil biasanya lebih siap ketika harus mengelola sesuatu yang lebih besar.

Jika sekarang kamu tidak mampu mengatur sepuluh file, bagaimana kamu akan mengelola sepuluh ribu dokumen?

Jika tidak mampu mengatur pengeluaran pribadi, bagaimana kamu akan mengelola keuangan perusahaan?

Jika tidak mampu mengatur jadwal sendiri, bagaimana kamu akan mengatur jadwal sebuah tim?

Jika tidak mampu menyelesaikan tugas kecil tepat waktu, bagaimana orang akan mempercayakan proyek besar kepadamu?

Jangan menunggu mendapatkan tanggung jawab besar untuk belajar menjadi bertanggung jawab.

Latihlah sekarang.

Bangun Relasi Sebelum Kamu Membutuhkannya

Sukses juga bukan perjalanan seorang diri.

Ada guru yang memberikan pengetahuan.

Ada teman yang memberikan semangat.

Ada mentor yang menunjukkan arah.

Ada rekan kerja yang membantu menyelesaikan masalah.

Ada pelanggan yang memberikan kepercayaan.

Ada orang yang membuka pintu kesempatan.

Karena itu, jangan membangun hubungan hanya ketika kamu membutuhkan sesuatu.

Bangunlah hubungan ketika kamu belum membutuhkan apa-apa.

Sapa orang.

Dengarkan mereka.

Hormati orang yang lebih tua.

Hargai teman.

Bantu orang lain ketika mampu.

Jangan merendahkan orang yang menurutmu tidak memiliki posisi penting.

Kita tidak pernah tahu siapa yang kelak menjadi orang yang membuka sebuah pintu besar dalam perjalanan hidup kita.

Tetapi yang lebih penting, jangan membangun relasi dengan tujuan memanfaatkan manusia.

Bangun hubungan karena kamu menghargai manusia.

Dalam jangka panjang, reputasi yang baik dan hubungan sosial yang sehat dapat menjadi modal penting dalam kehidupan profesional maupun pribadi.

Jangan Terobsesi dengan Hasil yang Belum Kamu Bangun Fondasinya

Media sosial membuat kesuksesan terlihat sangat cepat.

Kita melihat seseorang menjadi viral.

Kita melihat anak muda membangun bisnis.

Kita melihat orang bepergian ke berbagai negara.

Kita melihat rumah mewah, mobil mahal, penghargaan, jabatan, dan gaya hidup.

Tetapi media sosial hampir selalu memperlihatkan hasil, bukan seluruh proses.

Kamu tidak melihat ribuan jam belajar.

Kamu tidak melihat kegagalan.

Kamu tidak melihat penolakan.

Kamu tidak melihat malam-malam ketika dia harus bekerja ketika orang lain tidur.

Kamu tidak melihat tabungan yang dikumpulkan sedikit demi sedikit.

Kamu tidak melihat hubungan yang dibangun selama bertahun-tahun.

Kamu tidak melihat kesalahan yang harus diperbaiki.

Karena itu, jangan membandingkan bab pertama hidupmu dengan bab kesepuluh kehidupan orang lain.

Fokuslah pada pembangunan fondasimu sendiri.

Sukses Itu Komponennya Banyak, Bukan Satu Kehebatan

Seseorang bisa menjadi sangat pintar, tetapi tidak disiplin.

Seseorang bisa sangat disiplin, tetapi tidak jujur.

Seseorang bisa sangat jujur, tetapi tidak mau belajar.

Seseorang bisa sangat rajin, tetapi tidak mampu bekerja sama.

Seseorang bisa memiliki banyak pengetahuan, tetapi tidak mampu menjaga hubungan.

Kesuksesan yang besar biasanya membutuhkan kombinasi berbagai kualitas.

Ilmu + disiplin + integritas + kesehatan + relasi + kemampuan belajar + ketekunan + keberanian mengambil keputusan.

Tidak semuanya harus sempurna sejak awal.

Yang penting adalah terus berkembang.

Sedikit lebih disiplin hari ini.

Sedikit lebih rapi besok.

Sedikit lebih jujur dalam menghadapi kesalahan.

Sedikit lebih baik dalam memperlakukan orang.

Sedikit lebih teratur mengelola waktu.

Sedikit lebih sehat dalam menjalani hidup.

Sedikit lebih berani mengambil tanggung jawab.

Jika semua “sedikit” itu dikumpulkan selama bertahun-tahun, hasilnya bisa menjadi sesuatu yang sangat besar.

Suatu Hari Orang Akan Mengira Kesuksesanmu Datang Tiba-Tiba

Ada saat ketika kamu sudah membangun fondasi cukup lama.

Kemudian datang sebuah kesempatan.

Kamu berani mengambil keputusan.

Kamu berani melangkah.

Orang lain mungkin melihatnya sebagai keberanian yang tiba-tiba.

Padahal keberanian itu sebenarnya sudah dibangun bertahun-tahun sebelumnya.

Mengapa kamu berani?

Karena kamu sudah terbiasa disiplin.

Mengapa orang mau bekerja sama denganmu?

Karena reputasimu sudah terbentuk.

Mengapa karyawan percaya kepadamu?

Karena selama bertahun-tahun kamu memperlakukan mereka dengan baik.

Mengapa investor atau mitra percaya?

Karena kamu memiliki rekam jejak.

Mengapa kamu mampu mengambil keputusan besar?

Karena selama ini kamu telah melatih diri mengambil keputusan-keputusan kecil dengan bertanggung jawab.

Jadi, langkah besar yang terlihat orang sebenarnya sering kali merupakan hasil dari ribuan langkah kecil yang tidak pernah mereka lihat.

Mulailah Hari Ini

Tidak perlu menunggu Senin.

Tidak perlu menunggu tahun baru.

Tidak perlu menunggu memiliki uang banyak.

Tidak perlu menunggu mendapatkan pekerjaan yang bagus.

Mulailah dari kamar tidurmu.

Bangun dan rapikan tempat tidur.

Masukkan pakaian ke tempatnya.

Rapikan sepatu.

Buang sampah.

Potong kuku.

Setelah makan, bersihkan piringmu.

Rapikan file di HP.

Atur jadwal hari ini.

Tidur pada waktu yang baik.

Bangun secara teratur.

Kerjakan tugas yang sudah kamu tunda.

Jika melakukan kesalahan, akui.

Jika menyakiti seseorang, minta maaf.

Jika mendapatkan kepercayaan, jaga.

Jika mendapatkan kesempatan, manfaatkan dengan sungguh-sungguh.

Jika gagal, belajar.

Jika berhasil, jangan sombong.

Jika memiliki bawahan, hargai.

Jika memiliki teman, jaga.

Jika memiliki ilmu, bagikan.

Jika memiliki impian, kerjakan.

Jangan meremehkan langkah kecil.

Karena kehidupanmu sedang dibangun dari langkah-langkah kecil yang kamu lakukan setiap hari.

Kesimpulan: Bangun Fondasimu, Lalu Berani Melangkah Besar

Sukses besar tidak lahir dari satu tindakan ajaib.

Ia tumbuh dari kebiasaan-kebiasaan kecil yang dilakukan terus-menerus.

Tempat tidur yang dirapikan mungkin terlihat tidak penting.

Piring yang dicuci setelah makan mungkin terlihat sederhana.

Sepatu yang disimpan pada tempatnya mungkin tidak menghasilkan uang.

File HP yang tertata mungkin tidak membuatmu terkenal.

Bangun pagi, tidur cukup, menjaga kesehatan, menepati janji, berkata jujur, meminta maaf ketika salah, menghargai karyawan, menjaga hubungan, belajar setiap hari, dan menyelesaikan pekerjaan dengan baik mungkin tidak langsung membuatmu sukses.

Tetapi semua itu sedang membentuk siapa dirimu.

Dan pada akhirnya, kesuksesan besar bukan hanya tentang apa yang kamu miliki.

Kesuksesan besar juga tentang siapa dirimu ketika kamu mendapatkannya.

Jadi, kalau kamu ingin membangun gedung kehidupan yang tinggi, jangan buru-buru mengejar lantai paling atas.

Bangun fondasinya.

Bangun sedikit demi sedikit.

Bangun dengan disiplin.

Bangun dengan kejujuran.

Bangun dengan ilmu.

Bangun dengan kerja keras.

Bangun dengan kepedulian terhadap manusia.

Bangun dengan kebiasaan baik.

Lakukan ketika tidak ada yang melihat.

Lakukan ketika belum ada yang memuji.

Lakukan ketika hasilnya belum terlihat.

Karena suatu hari nanti, ketika hasil besar itu akhirnya datang, orang mungkin berkata:

“Hebat sekali. Dia sukses dalam waktu singkat.”

Padahal kamu tahu jawabannya.

Tidak.

Bukan dalam waktu singkat.

Kesuksesan itu telah dibangun bertahun-tahun, melalui ribuan langkah kecil yang dahulu dianggap tidak penting.

Jangan menunggu menjadi orang besar untuk melakukan hal-hal besar. Mulailah dengan menjadi orang yang bertanggung jawab atas hal-hal kecil.

Sebab orang yang mampu mengelola dirinya sendiri hari ini, sedang mempersiapkan dirinya untuk suatu hari mengelola sesuatu yang jauh lebih besar.

Dan mungkin, tanpa kamu sadari, kesuksesan besarmu sedang dimulai dari satu hal kecil yang kamu rapikan hari ini.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Clear, J. (2018). Atomic habits: An easy & proven way to build good habits & break bad ones. Avery.

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999

Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998–1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705

Walker, M. (2017). Why we sleep: Unlocking the power of sleep and dreams. Scribner.

 

#Sukses

#GenZ

#Motivasi

#Disiplin #Kebiasaan

Is Indonesia Ready for the Next Influenza A Outbreak? WHO Reveals the Critical Steps to Prevent a Pandemic.

Guidelines for the Control and Eradication of Influenza A Outbreaks in Indonesia Based on World Health Organization (WHO) Recommendations: An Integrated Approach to Surveillance, Laboratory Diagnosis, Clinical Management, Vaccination, Infection Prevention, and One Health

 

ABSTRACT

 

Influenza A viruses constitute an important group of respiratory viruses of major public health significance because they can cause seasonal influenza, zoonotic infections, human outbreaks, and pandemics when a novel influenza A virus emerges with the capacity for efficient human-to-human transmission. Indonesia is particularly vulnerable to influenza because of its high population density, extensive human mobility, intensive human–animal interactions, large poultry industry, and archipelagic geography, which may pose challenges to the uniform implementation of surveillance, detection, and response measures. Therefore, the control of influenza A outbreaks requires an integrated system encompassing epidemiological surveillance, virological surveillance, laboratory diagnosis, clinical care, infection prevention and control, vaccination, risk communication, and coordination between the human and animal health sectors.

 

This article aims to develop a framework for the control and response to influenza A outbreaks in Indonesia based on the recommendations and standards of the World Health Organization (WHO), particularly the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), influenza surveillance guidance, clinical management guidance for influenza, public health and social measures (PHSM), and pandemic preparedness principles. The methodology consisted of a narrative review of WHO normative documents and official sources from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The review indicates that the primary strategy should focus on early detection, rapid laboratory confirmation, prompt epidemiological investigation, case isolation and clinical management, contact tracing and risk-based monitoring, strengthened infection prevention and control (IPC), appropriate antiviral use, vaccination of priority groups, control of infection sources in animals, and transparent risk communication.

 

Influenza A control in Indonesia should be implemented through a One Health and risk-based approach, enabling an appropriate distinction between responses to seasonal influenza, zoonotic influenza, and influenza A viruses with pandemic potential. Such an integrated framework is essential to strengthen early warning capacity, accelerate public health response, reduce transmission, protect high-risk populations, and enhance national preparedness for potential influenza pandemics.

 

Keywords: influenza A, outbreak, GISRS, surveillance, One Health, vaccination, Indonesia, WHO.

 

1. INTRODUCTION

 

Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. In humans, influenza A and influenza B viruses are the principal causes of seasonal influenza, whereas influenza A has more complex epidemiological characteristics because it has reservoirs in multiple animal species and can undergo genetic changes that result in viruses with novel epidemiological characteristics. The World Health Organization (WHO) distinguishes seasonal influenza from zoonotic influenza and influenza viruses with pandemic potential; therefore, control strategies should be tailored to the characteristics of the virus, patterns of transmission, disease severity, and the risk of human-to-human spread (WHO, 2024a).

 

The threat posed by influenza A is not limited to the number of cases but also involves the possibility of the emergence of novel viruses against which the population has insufficient immunity. Zoonotic influenza A viruses, including influenza A(H5), A(H7), and other animal-origin influenza viruses, can infect humans following exposure to infected animals or contaminated environments. Although zoonotic infections do not necessarily result in sustained human-to-human transmission, every human infection caused by a zoonotic influenza A virus requires epidemiological attention because it may indicate the potential for viral adaptation to humans (WHO, 2024b).

 

Through the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), the WHO has established a global network for influenza epidemiological and virological surveillance. GISRS serves as a global mechanism for surveillance, preparedness, and response to seasonal influenza, zoonotic influenza, and influenza viruses with pandemic potential. The system also facilitates the sharing of data and biological materials among countries, enabling the evolution of influenza viruses to be monitored and public health risks to be assessed more rapidly (WHO, 2026a).

 

Indonesia is part of this global network. The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia conducts sentinel surveillance for Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) as part of its respiratory disease surveillance system. This system is linked to Indonesia's commitment to GISRS through the National Influenza Centre (NIC) network. Surveillance data provide an important basis for analyzing influenza trends, informing public health decision-making, and strengthening preparedness for potential pandemic threats (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2026).

 

In the Indonesian context, influenza A control must take into account geographical conditions, population mobility, international travel, urban population density, occupational settings, healthcare facilities, and close interactions among humans, poultry, pigs, other mammals, and wildlife. Therefore, influenza A cannot be addressed solely as a clinical problem within hospitals. Control measures should be implemented through a One Health approach involving coordination among human health, animal health, environmental health, laboratories, local governments, and communities.

 

The term "eradication" in the context of influenza should be interpreted with caution. Seasonal influenza cannot realistically be regarded as a disease that can be globally eradicated. Therefore, from a scientific perspective, the primary objectives should be control, outbreak response, interruption of transmission chains during specific events, and prevention of further outbreak expansion. The WHO also emphasizes that zoonotic influenza viruses are likely to continue to emerge; consequently, risk-based surveillance and preparedness must be maintained on an ongoing basis (WHO, 2024b).

 

Based on these considerations, an operational framework is needed to provide a basis for the control and response to influenza A outbreaks in Indonesia in accordance with WHO principles.

 

2. METHODOLOGY

 

This article employs a narrative review and evidence-informed policy analysis approach. The primary sources consisted of official WHO documents on influenza, including guidance on the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), pandemic surveillance, clinical management of influenza, influenza vaccination, infection prevention and control (IPC), and public health and social measures (PHSM). Official documents from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia concerning ILI/SARI surveillance were also reviewed to contextualize WHO recommendations within the Indonesian health system.

 

The analysis was conducted in five stages.

First, the epidemiological characteristics of influenza A were identified, and the associated threats were classified into seasonal influenza, zoonotic influenza, and influenza A viruses with pandemic potential.

Second, the key components of the WHO influenza framework applicable to the Indonesian context were identified, including surveillance, laboratory testing, outbreak investigation, case management, vaccination, infection prevention and control (IPC), risk communication, and cross-sectoral coordination.

Third, these components were mapped against the ILI/SARI surveillance system and the capacity of the influenza laboratory network in Indonesia.

Fourth, a risk-based response pathway was developed, covering the sequence of actions from case detection through outbreak containment or termination.

Fifth, operational recommendations were formulated based on the principles of One Health, risk-based response, and strengthened pandemic preparedness.

 

The WHO emphasizes that modern influenza surveillance extends beyond the simple collection of case numbers. It includes systematic screening, specimen collection, laboratory testing, genomic sequencing, data analysis, and information sharing to guide appropriate public health interventions (WHO, 2024c).

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

3.1. Fundamental Principles for Influenza A Control

 

Influenza A control in Indonesia should be built upon six fundamental principles.

 

First, early detection. Cases should be identified as early as possible through community-based surveillance, healthcare facilities, sentinel ILI/SARI surveillance, laboratory surveillance, and reports of unusual health events or outbreaks.

 

Second, etiological confirmation. Influenza A cannot be determined solely on the basis of clinical symptoms. Laboratory testing is particularly important for severe cases, high-risk groups, clusters, outbreaks, zoonotic cases, or cases presenting with unusual epidemiological characteristics.

 

Third, rapid response. Once an epidemiological or laboratory signal indicates an increased level of risk, an investigation should be initiated promptly.

 

Fourth, transmission control. Control measures include infection prevention and control (IPC), case management, protection of healthcare workers, adequate ventilation, hand hygiene, risk-based mask use, and community-level interventions appropriate to the epidemiological situation.

 

Fifth, protection of vulnerable populations. Groups at increased risk of severe disease should receive priority for clinical care, vaccination, and preventive interventions.

 

Sixth, the One Health approach. When an association with animals is suspected, the investigation should not stop at the human case. Potential animal sources of exposure and relevant environmental factors should also be investigated.

 

The WHO emphasizes that influenza surveillance provides the foundation for decision-making on epidemic response and pandemic preparedness (WHO, 2017; WHO, 2024c).

 

3.2. Influenza A Surveillance System in Indonesia

 

Surveillance is one of the most important components of outbreak control. Indonesia has established sentinel ILI/SARI surveillance, which is used to monitor influenza and other respiratory viruses. This system forms part of the GISRS network and generates information that can support public health policy and pandemic preparedness (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2026).

 

Surveillance should be conducted at several levels.

A. Community surveillance

Monitoring should focus on increases in acute respiratory illness, particularly in schools, dormitories, Islamic boarding schools (pesantren), workplaces, healthcare facilities, nursing homes, and other high-density communities.

 

B. ILI surveillance

ILI surveillance is used to detect changes in influenza-like illness trends and to help determine when influenza activity is increasing in a particular area.

 

C. SARI surveillance

SARI surveillance is designed to detect severe acute respiratory infections requiring greater clinical and epidemiological attention.

 

D. Virological surveillance

Specimens should be tested to determine the virus type and subtype, particularly when unusual epidemiological patterns are identified.

 

E. Genomic surveillance

Genomic sequencing can be used to identify genetic changes, determine phylogenetic relationships, detect the emergence of particular variants, and assess potential changes in viral characteristics.

 

In 2024, the WHO updated the GISRS integrated surveillance standards, emphasizing the continuum from screening, specimen collection, and laboratory testing to sequencing, data analysis, and data sharing (WHO, 2024c).

 

3.3. Early Detection and Outbreak Investigation

 

Any unusual increase in influenza A cases should be evaluated epidemiologically. Signals requiring particular attention include:

1. a sudden increase in ILI or SARI cases;
2. an increase in the proportion of influenza A-positive specimens;
3. the emergence of clusters of cases with epidemiological links;
4. severe influenza A infection in individuals without clearly identifiable risk factors;
5. unusual deaths associated with respiratory disease;
6. influenza A infection following contact with poultry or mammals;
7. cases occurring among healthcare workers caring for patients with influenza;
8. the emergence of an influenza A virus that is antigenically or genetically distinct from currently circulating viruses;
9. suspected human-to-human transmission of a zoonotic influenza A virus; and
10. an increase in cases in areas or populations that previously showed little or no influenza activity.

 

An outbreak investigation should answer the following questions: Who is becoming ill, when did illness begin, where did the cases occur, how was transmission likely to have occurred, what was the potential source of exposure, and has there been any change in the characteristics of the virus?

 

Epidemiological data should be integrated with laboratory findings. The WHO emphasizes that effective surveillance should characterize the number of cases, affected populations, geographical distribution, disease severity, impact on the health system, and effectiveness of interventions (WHO, 2017).

 

3.4. Laboratory Diagnosis

 

Laboratory diagnosis is a fundamental component of outbreak investigation and response, particularly when zoonotic or pandemic potential is suspected. Laboratory confirmation should be performed in laboratories with appropriate capabilities, procedures, and biosafety measures.

 

The WHO states that the diagnosis of zoonotic influenza infection requires laboratory testing, and specimens from suspected cases should be handled safely and confirmed by competent laboratories (WHO, 2024b).

 

Laboratory investigations may include:

• molecular detection of influenza A;
• subtyping;
• virus isolation or culture in appropriately equipped facilities;
• antigen detection for specific indications;
• antigenic characterization;
• genomic sequencing;
• phylogenetic analysis; and
• antiviral susceptibility testing when indicated.

 

For surveillance purposes, laboratory results should be integrated with epidemiological data. This is important because the mere detection of a virus does not necessarily indicate the magnitude of the public health risk. Risk is determined by the combined characteristics of the virus, patterns of transmission, disease severity, population susceptibility, and the capacity of the health system.

 

3.5. Clinical Management of Cases

 

Influenza A cases should be classified according to disease severity and underlying risk factors. In 2024, the WHO updated its clinical practice guidelines for influenza to cover seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza, and novel influenza A viruses that may cause severe disease in humans, including zoonotic viruses such as A(H5N1), A(H5N6), and A(H7N9) (WHO, 2024d).

 

Patients should undergo:

1. clinical assessment;
2. identification of risk factors for severe disease;
3. assessment of respiratory status;
4. evaluation for complications;
5. laboratory testing as clinically indicated;
6. supportive care;
7. antiviral therapy according to clinical indications and applicable guidelines; and
8. isolation or appropriate healthcare arrangements according to the risk of transmission.

 

Groups at increased risk of influenza-related complications include pregnant women, young children, older adults, and individuals with chronic diseases or impaired immune function (WHO, 2024e).

During an outbreak, healthcare workers should maintain a heightened level of clinical vigilance for severe pneumonia, hypoxemia, sepsis, encephalitis, severe dehydration, and other organ complications.

 

3.6. Use of Antiviral Medications

 

Antiviral medications are an important component of influenza management, particularly for patients with severe disease or those at increased risk of complications. The WHO 2024 clinical guidelines provide recommendations for antiviral treatment in both severe and non-severe influenza, as well as for post-exposure prophylaxis in specific circumstances (WHO, 2024d).

 

Antiviral medications should not be used indiscriminately. Treatment decisions should take into consideration:

• disease severity;
• time since symptom onset;
• risk group;
• suspected virus type or subtype;
• patterns of antiviral resistance;
• laboratory test results, when available; and
• applicable national guidelines.

 

GISRS also contributes to the monitoring of antiviral resistance, enabling treatment policies and recommendations to be adapted to changes in circulating influenza viruses (WHO, 2026b).

 

3.7. Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Facilities

 

Healthcare facilities can become sites of amplified transmission when infection prevention and control (IPC) measures are inadequate. Therefore, healthcare facilities should establish effective triage and separation systems for patients presenting with respiratory symptoms.

Key IPC components include:

• triage of patients with respiratory symptoms;
• separation or cohorting of patients according to transmission risk;
• hand hygiene;
• use of personal protective equipment according to risk;
• respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette;
• adequate ventilation;
• appropriate medical waste management;
• environmental cleaning and decontamination;
• management of patient crowding;
• protection of healthcare workers; and
• reporting of infections among healthcare workers.

 

The WHO emphasizes that healthcare facilities with inadequate IPC capacity can become amplifiers of infectious disease transmission to healthcare workers, patients, communities, and potentially across national borders (WHO, 2025).

 

3.8. Isolation, Contact Tracing, and Monitoring

 

During an outbreak, patient isolation should be adapted to the risk of transmission and the capacity of healthcare facilities. The objective is not only to protect other patients but also to interrupt chains of transmission.

 

Contact tracing should be prioritized according to risk. Close contacts of patients infected with zoonotic influenza A viruses or viruses with pandemic potential require particular attention.

 

Contacts may be categorized as follows:

High risk: direct exposure to respiratory secretions, unprotected exposure to an infected patient, or intensive exposure to infected animals.

Moderate risk: close contact with an infected patient while using some form of protective measures.

Low risk: indirect exposure or contact occurring with adequate protection.

 

Contact monitoring may include symptom monitoring, laboratory testing according to risk, and provision of information regarding warning signs requiring medical attention.

The WHO's 2026 guidance on public health and social measures (PHSM) identifies case-finding and contact management as important domains of public health interventions for influenza epidemics and pandemics (WHO, 2026c).

 

3.9. Influenza Vaccination

 

Vaccination is a major component of seasonal influenza prevention. The WHO recommends that countries consider influenza vaccination programmes and give particular attention to priority groups, including healthcare workers, pregnant women, older adults, and individuals with chronic diseases or specific medical conditions (WHO, 2024e; WHO, 2024f).

 

In the Indonesian context, vaccination priorities may include:

1. healthcare workers;
2. older adults;
3. pregnant women;
4. individuals with chronic diseases;
5. children, in accordance with national policy;
6. residents of long-term care facilities;
7. workers at increased risk of occupational exposure; and
8. other groups determined according to epidemiological conditions and vaccine availability.

 

The WHO periodically updates influenza vaccine composition recommendations based on global influenza virus surveillance. Therefore, influenza vaccination policies in Indonesia should take into account WHO vaccine composition recommendations as well as regional influenza epidemiology (WHO, 2026b).

 

For specific zoonotic influenza A viruses, human vaccination has a different context from seasonal influenza vaccination. In 2025, the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) updated recommendations concerning A(H5) influenza vaccines for groups at occupational or environmental risk of exposure to H5 viruses. These groups may include laboratory workers, animal outbreak response personnel, poultry workers, veterinarians, and healthcare workers involved in the management of certain human cases, subject to national policies and vaccine availability (WHO, 2026d).

 

3.10. Public Health and Social Measures

 

When transmission of influenza A increases, non-pharmaceutical interventions may be implemented according to the level of risk.

In 2026, the WHO issued specific guidance on public health and social measures (PHSM) for influenza epidemics and pandemics. The guidance encompasses five major domains:

1. individual protection;
2. environmental interventions;
3. case-finding and contact management;
4. social interventions; and
5. travel-related measures.

 

The WHO emphasizes that the implementation of these measures should take into account their effectiveness, proportionality, public acceptability, human rights, equity, available resources, and socioeconomic impacts (WHO, 2026c).

 

Accordingly, restrictions on community activities should not be regarded as an automatic response to every increase in influenza activity. Interventions should be proportionate to the epidemiological evidence and the level of public health threat.

 

3.11. Risk Communication

 

The success of outbreak control depends substantially on public trust. Delayed, inconsistent, or contradictory information can lead to either public panic or resistance to recommended interventions.

Risk communication should clearly explain:

• what is known;
• what remains unknown;
• how the virus is transmitted;
• who is at risk;
• how people can protect themselves;
• when medical care should be sought;
• how vaccines work;
• why laboratory testing is necessary; and
• what actions are being taken by the government.

Information should be communicated consistently by the central government, local governments, healthcare facilities, healthcare professionals, and other relevant institutions.

Risk communication should also be capable of addressing misinformation concerning vaccines, antiviral medications, the origin of the virus, and the risk of transmission.

 

3.12. One Health Approach

 

Influenza A is a classic example of a disease requiring a One Health approach because several influenza A viruses have animal reservoirs or animal sources of infection.

When zoonotic influenza A is suspected, investigations in humans should be conducted concurrently with investigations in animals and the environment.

 

The One Health framework encompasses the following sectors:

 

Human Health Sector

• case detection;
• diagnosis;
• clinical management;
• surveillance; and
• contact investigation.

Animal Health Sector

• surveillance of poultry and mammals;
• investigation of animal deaths or illness;
• laboratory testing;
• control of infection sources; and
• farm biosecurity.

Environmental Sector

• investigation of exposure sites;
• environmental monitoring;
• waste management; and
• identification of human–animal contact points.

Food and Trade Sector

• monitoring of production chains;
• food safety; and
• risk-based regulation of trade in animals and animal products.

 

The WHO emphasizes that preventing zoonotic influenza requires surveillance in both human and animal populations, rapid investigation of every human infection, and risk-based pandemic preparedness and planning (WHO, 2024b).

 

3.13. Stages of Influenza A Outbreak Response in Indonesia

 

The response framework can be divided into five stages.

 

Stage 1 – Preparedness and Alert

This stage is initiated when increased influenza activity or a specific epidemiological signal is detected.

Key activities include:

• strengthening ILI/SARI surveillance;
• reinforcing laboratory capacity;
• monitoring influenza trends;
• ensuring the availability of personal protective equipment;
• ensuring healthcare facility preparedness; and
• strengthening risk communication.

 

Stage 2 – Investigation

This stage is initiated when an unusual cluster or increase in cases is identified.

Key activities include:

• signal verification;
• epidemiological investigation;
• specimen collection;
• laboratory testing;
• identification of potential exposure sources; and
• contact mapping.

 

Stage 3 – Response

This stage is initiated once an outbreak has been confirmed.

Key activities include:

• isolation of cases according to transmission risk;
• clinical management;
• antiviral treatment according to indications;
• contact tracing;
• implementation of IPC measures;
• vaccination in accordance with applicable policies;
• risk-based community interventions; and
• control of animal infection sources when relevant.

 

Stage 4 – Control

The objective is to halt the increase in cases and prevent further spread.

Key indicators include:

• a decline in new cases;
• absence of uncontrolled secondary transmission;
• a decline in the positivity rate;
• no evidence of viral changes associated with increased risk; and
• stabilization of healthcare system and hospital capacity.

 

Stage 5 – Post-Outbreak Evaluation

The evaluation should cover:

• speed of detection;
• speed of laboratory confirmation;
• response time;
• coverage of contact tracing;
• mortality;
• hospital burden;
• antiviral use;
• vaccination effectiveness;
• effectiveness of risk communication;
• laboratory capacity; and
• cross-sectoral coordination.

 

The findings of the post-outbreak evaluation should be incorporated into subsequent preparedness and response plans to strengthen the country's capacity to detect, investigate, and respond to future influenza threats.

 

3.14. Operational Matrix for Influenza A Control

 

Component	Key Actions	Primary Responsible Authority	Indicator
Surveillance	ILI/SARI and community-based surveillance	Ministry of Health / Provincial and District Health Offices	Detected case trends
Laboratory	PCR, subtyping, and genomic sequencing	Laboratory network / National Influenza Centre (NIC)	Time to laboratory confirmation
Investigation	Case and cluster investigation	Health Offices / Epidemiological Investigation Teams	Proportion of cases investigated
Clinical management	Triage and clinical management	Healthcare facilities	Case-fatality rate (CFR) / hospitalization rate
Antiviral therapy	Treatment according to clinical indications	Physicians / Healthcare facilities	Appropriate antiviral use
Infection Prevention and Control (IPC)	PPE, ventilation, and hand hygiene	Healthcare facilities	Healthcare-associated infection rate
Vaccination	Prioritization of high-risk groups	Immunization programmes / Healthcare facilities	Vaccination coverage
Contact management	Contact tracing and monitoring	Surveillance teams	Proportion of contacts monitored
One Health	Integrated human–animal surveillance	Human and animal health sectors	Exposure source identified
Risk communication	Public information and communication	Government	Consistency of information
Evaluation	After-action review (AAR)	Central and local governments	Improvement plan developed

 

3.15. Influenza A Preparedness Indicators for Indonesia

 

Influenza A preparedness should not be assessed solely on the basis of the number of hospitals or laboratories available. More meaningful indicators include:

1. the proportion of ILI/SARI cases successfully captured by the surveillance system;
2. time from symptom onset to specimen collection;
3. time from specimen collection to laboratory result;
4. capacity for influenza A subtyping;
5. genomic sequencing capacity;
6. capacity to detect zoonotic influenza;
7. capacity to conduct outbreak investigations;
8. availability of antiviral medications;
9. availability of influenza vaccines;
10. vaccination coverage among priority groups;
11. IPC capacity;
12. proportion of healthcare workers adequately protected;
13. risk communication capacity;
14. integration of human and animal health data; and
15. speed of response to epidemiological signals.

 

Through its global influenza strategy, the WHO considers surveillance, disease prevention, control, and pandemic preparedness to be interconnected components of a single system rather than independent programmes (WHO, 2024g).

 

3.16. Integrated Response Model for Indonesia

 

Based on a synthesis of WHO guidance, an integrated response model for Indonesia can be formulated as follows:

DETECTION → VERIFICATION → LABORATORY CONFIRMATION → INVESTIGATION → RISK STRATIFICATION → ISOLATION/CLINICAL MANAGEMENT → CONTACT TRACING → IPC → VACCINATION/ANTIVIRAL THERAPY AS INDICATED → ONE HEALTH → RISK COMMUNICATION → MONITORING → EVALUATION

This model should remain dynamic and adaptable. When the virus is a seasonal influenza virus with well-characterized epidemiological features, the response can focus primarily on surveillance, vaccination, clinical care, and protection of high-risk populations.

 

Conversely, if zoonotic influenza A or a novel influenza A virus with evidence suggestive of human-to-human transmission is detected, the level of response should be escalated. This should include intensive investigation, viral characterization, strengthened IPC, contact tracing, genomic surveillance, and enhanced national and international coordination.

 

3.17. Implementation Challenges in Indonesia

 

Several major challenges may affect influenza A control in Indonesia, including heterogeneous laboratory capacity across regions, the country's vast geographical area, high population mobility, variations in healthcare capacity, limitations in human resources, and suboptimal integration of human and animal health data.

 

Other challenges include delays in reporting, variability in specimen quality, limited sequencing capacity, vaccine hesitancy, and the dissemination of misinformation through social media.

 

Therefore, strengthening the influenza control system should not begin only after an outbreak has occurred. Capacity should be developed continuously during the inter-pandemic period through training, simulation exercises, laboratory strengthening, procurement and maintenance of essential supplies, development of surveillance networks, and cross-sectoral coordination.

 

The WHO states that pandemic preparedness should strengthen core functions, including emergency coordination, collaborative surveillance, community protection, clinical care, and equitable access to medical countermeasures (WHO, 2019).

 

3.18. Policy Implications

 

Indonesia requires an influenza A control system capable of transitioning from routine surveillance to emergency response without losing continuity of data and situational awareness.

Five strategic priorities should be emphasized.

 

First, strengthen the national contribution to GISRS. ILI/SARI surveillance should continue to be strengthened and integrated with laboratory, genomic, and epidemiological information.

 

Second, strengthen the laboratory network. Capacity for influenza A detection, subtyping, genetic characterization, and antiviral resistance surveillance should be established and maintained at appropriate levels across the laboratory network.

 

Third, strengthen the One Health approach. Human and animal health data should be interoperable and linked to enable more rapid detection and assessment of zoonotic risks.

 

Fourth, strengthen vaccination and protection of high-risk groups. Vaccination policies should be based on epidemiological evidence, risk assessment, vaccine availability, and regularly updated WHO recommendations.

 

Fifth, build a culture of preparedness. Communities, healthcare workers, local governments, laboratories, the livestock sector, and other relevant sectors should understand their respective roles before an outbreak occurs.

 

4. CONCLUSION

 

Influenza A represents a dynamic public health threat encompassing seasonal influenza, zoonotic influenza, and the potential emergence of novel viruses with pandemic potential. Therefore, controlling influenza A outbreaks in Indonesia cannot rely solely on patient treatment but requires an integrated system linking epidemiological surveillance, virological surveillance, laboratory diagnostics, genomic surveillance, clinical care, infection prevention and control (IPC), vaccination, risk communication, and control of infection sources in animals.

 

In accordance with WHO recommendations, early detection is the cornerstone of influenza preparedness and response. Indonesia's ILI/SARI surveillance system should continue to be strengthened as part of GISRS and integrated with laboratory testing, genomic sequencing, epidemiological analysis, and data-sharing mechanisms. Every influenza A case with unusual characteristics—particularly cases associated with animal exposure, severe disease, clusters, or suspected human-to-human transmission—should promptly undergo epidemiological and laboratory investigation.

 

From a clinical perspective, patients should be classified according to disease severity and underlying risk factors. Vulnerable groups require particular attention, and antiviral therapy should be administered according to clinical indications and applicable guidelines. Healthcare facilities should strengthen IPC measures to prevent them from becoming sites of outbreak amplification.

 

Vaccination is an important instrument for reducing the burden of seasonal influenza, particularly among priority groups such as healthcare workers, pregnant women, older adults, and individuals with chronic diseases. For specific zoonotic influenza A viruses, vaccination strategies require additional considerations and should be tailored to the level of exposure risk, vaccine availability, and national policies.

 

Ultimately, influenza A control in Indonesia should be implemented through a One Health and risk-based response approach. The practical objective is not simply to "eradicate influenza," because global eradication of influenza is not a realistic goal. Rather, the objectives are to detect threats as early as possible, interrupt chains of transmission during specific events, prevent widespread dissemination, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent influenza events from developing into larger public health crises.

 

With sensitive surveillance systems, responsive laboratory networks, prepared clinical services, appropriately targeted vaccination, strong IPC measures, transparent risk communication, and effective One Health coordination, Indonesia can strengthen its national capacity to address influenza A across seasonal and zoonotic contexts and to respond effectively when viruses with pandemic potential emerge.

 

5. REFERENCES

 

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World Health Organization. (2017). WHO guidance for surveillance during an influenza pandemic: 2017 update. WHO.

 

World Health Organization. (2019). Pandemic influenza preparedness in WHO Member States. WHO Global Influenza Programme.

 

World Health Organization. (2022). Pandemic influenza preparedness framework for the sharing of influenza viruses and access to vaccines and other benefits (2nd ed.). WHO.

 

World Health Organization. (2022). Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper – May 2022. WHO.

 

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World Health Organization. (2024d). Clinical practice guidelines for influenza. WHO.

 

World Health Organization. (2024e). Global Influenza Programme: Vaccine use. WHO.

 

World Health Organization. (2024f). Developing and strengthening national seasonal influenza vaccination programmes. WHO.

 

World Health Organization. (2024g). Joint national and international surveillance review of ILI/SARI sentinel surveillance: Indonesia. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia.

 

World Health Organization. (2025). Framework and toolkit for infection prevention and control outbreak preparedness, readiness and response. WHO.

 

World Health Organization. (2026a). Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). WHO Global Influenza Programme.

 

World Health Organization. (2026b). Global Influenza Programme: Influenza vaccine recommendations and surveillance outputs. WHO.

 

World Health Organization. (2026c). WHO guideline on public health and social measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza. WHO.

 

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