Integrasi Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Persaingan

“Economic Integration and Competition Policy” merupakan tema materi yang disampaikan oleh Michiyo Hamada selaku Komisaris Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC) pada acara “The Indonesian Conference on Competition Law and Policy” yang diselenggarakan KPPU pada tanggal 9 – 10 Juni 2010 di Bali.

Michiyo Hamada diangkat sebagai Komisaris JFTC pada bulan April 2009. Sebelum diangkat sebagai Komisaris, beliau mendedikasikan dirinya sebagai akademisi di Nagoya University lebih dari tiga puluh tahun. Sebagai Dekan salah satu universitas paling bergengsi di Jepang, ia dikenal sebagai seorang ahli (profesor) dalam studi hukum di Jepang.

Dalam presentasinya, Michiyo Hamada menyampaikan mengenai pengembangan integrasi ekonomi terjadi dalam kondisi perekonomian yang ditandai oleh adanya beberapa indikasi sebagai berikut:

1. Pertumbuhan ekspor dan impor.
2. Kemudahan dalam masuk pasar.
3. Meningkatnya aktivitas merger dan akusisi antar negara.

Pengembangan integrasi ekonomi dapat tercipta pada iklim persaingan yang sehat dengan didukungan oleh kebijakan persaingan yang sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip persaingan usaha yang sehat. Adapun dampak dari kebijakan persaingan meliputi:

1. Konvergensi kebijakan dan hukum persaingan antara level procedural dan substansi.
2. Kerjasama tertutup diantara otoritas persaingan dalam sebuah pasar yang terintegrasi.

Diperlukan suatu upaya untuk mempromosikan konvergensi terhadap kebijakan persaingan. Adapun kegiatan untuk mempromosikan konvergensi terhadap kebijakan persaingan yang sehat adalah melalui kerjasama dengan beberapa lembaga kerjasama internasional, diantaranya:

- ICN (International Competition Network)
- OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)
- UNCTAD (United Nation Conference on Trade and Development)
- APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)
- ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asia Nations)

Selain berhubungan dengan lembaga-lembaga kerjasama internasional, maka diperlukan pula kerjasama secara intensif diantara otoritas persaingan dengan tujuan:

1. Memfasilitasi lebih efektif dan efisien penegakan hukum persaingan secara terkoordinasi oleh yuridiksi yang relevan.
2. Menghindari atau mengurangi kemungkinan konflik diantara yurisdiksi yang relevan, yang dapat timbul melalui penerapan hukum persaingan masing-masing.

Adanya kerjasama antara negara, maka diharapkan penegakan hukum dan kebijakan persaingan usaha yang sehat akan mudah tercipta di masing-masing negara anggota kerjasama.

Sumber :http://www.kppu.go.id/baru/index.php?type=art&aid=1203&encodurl=06%2F21%2F10%2C02%3A06%3A52

Huge Opportunity! Secrets of Japan’s Coffee Market Revealed — A Golden Gateway for Indonesian Coffee.

 

 Determining Japanese Market Today for Indonesian Coffee (1)

 

1. Outline

Because Japan does not produce any green coffee bean, Japan's coffee market fully relies on imports for its supply. However, coffee has been well established in Japan and has long been a part of Japanese life, and thus the size of the Japanese coffee market is enormous. According to International Coffee Organization, Japan imported about 7.1 million bags (60 kilo/bags) in 2007, which was the fourth largest import quantity after USA, Germany and Italy. Coffee is widely consumed in Japan, and also it holds a very strong position in Japan's drink market.

We will review the Japanese market for coffee, including regular coffee, instant coffee, coffee extracts and essence. Later we will discuss consumption, distribution channel, EPA tariff, conclusion and recommendation. Separately import statistics and the related market data are attached as reference.

2. Category definition

The coffees discussed in this study are defined as per the following HS code. 3. Market overview

Green coffee beans are all supplied by imports. Imported green beans are roasted and processed into various forms in accordance with actual demand. In addition to domestic productions, Japan also imports regular coffee, instant coffee, extracts and essence.

The following table indicates overall coffee import for Japan with breakdowns by major coffee-based products. In order to determine size of the market, we adopted green bean basis and converted all the quantities of coffee-based products to green bean equivalents.

Japan imported green bean of 389,818mt in 2007, but including imports of regular coffee, instant coffee, extracts and essence, Japan's total coffee import is estimated at 425,778 mt in green been equivalent for 2007. More than 90% of Japan's coffee import is accounted for by green bean. It can be said that Japan is a country principally importing coffee green beans and producing various coffee products in Japan.

A large quantity of coffee bean import makes Japan the fourth largest importer of coffee following U.S.A., Germany and Italy. Today coffee is widely consumed among Japanese as everyday drinks. As Japan imports significant quantity of coffee, Japan's coffee consumption is also huge. Adjusting stock change and exports, the Japanese annual coffee consumption is now estimated at 438,483 mt in 2007, of which, regular coffee accounts for 74% of the total, and the remaining shares are mostly held by instant coffee with some minor consumption of extracts and essence. Detailed breakdowns are shown in the following table.

Notes: Green bean equivalent of regular coffee domestic production = [(Beginning stock - Ending stock) x 1.1 + Annual import] - Instant coffee domestic production (MAFF statistics) x 2.6 (conversion rate); Green bean equivalent of instant domestic production = Instant coffee domestic production (MAFF statistics) x 2.6 (conversion rate); Regular coffee consumption includes home use, industrial use and extracts and essence for industrial use; Others are principally the coffee extracts and essence for industrial use.

4. Coffee market by category

As earlier explained, coffee is imported principally in green bean, but it is also imported in various forms. All of imported green bean is processed into various forms for various applications in Japan. According to the level of processing, size, value, and usage become variable. For this reason, we will discuss Japan's coffee market by category.

4.1. Coffee green bean

As Japan is not a producing country of coffee beans, all is supplied by imports, and thus the Japanese coffee bean import is very much affected by the world's market price. Although the import of green beans continued to increase both in quantity and value for five years until 2006, it decreased to 389,818 mt in 2007, down by 8% from last year. However, import value increased to JPY117.6 billion, up by 4% for the same period. The increasing import value with declining quantity is a result of soaring price in the global market. In fact, since later 2004, the prices at New York market showed continuous risings due to poor crop forecast in Brazil. Such price hikes resulted in a series of actual price increases from earlier 2005, and the prices have been pushed up further by the growing demands from China and India. Those price hikes have cooled the Japanese demand for imports.Imported green beans are processed by roasters or instant coffee manufacturers, in which green beans are roasted and processed for various applications.




Japan is importing coffee green beans from more than 40 countries. Major exporting countries for Japan are split into the following figure. Brazil is the largest exporter, accounting for 28% share of the total imports from 2003 to 2007, followed by Colombia (21 %), Indonesia (14%), Ethiopia (8%) and Vietnam (8%). These five countries supply more than three-quarter of import quantity during the period. Indonesia is the third largest coffee bean exporting country for Japan, supplying Robusta mainly for industrial use such as canned coffee and instant coffee.





4.2. Regular coffee

With imported green beans, Japan produces roasted coffee. Majority of the roasted coffee is distributed as regular coffee, including ground coffee as well as blended coffee. The Japanese regular coffee consumption is estimated at 274,452mt (product basis) for 2007, in which domestic production accounts for 98% of the total. Regular coffee imports have continued to increase for past years but the quantity is still small, accounting for some 2% share of the total consumption.



According to All Japan Coffee Association Survey 2004, Japan's consumption of regular coffee can be split into 41 % for industrial use (canned coffee, bottled coffee or liquid product for cake industry, etc.), 37% for home use via retail trades, and 22% for food service, including vending machines. Key demand of industrial use is coffee-based soft drink production, which occupies a 60% share of the total demand. Regarding home use, the most popular type of product is a regular coffee vacuumed in plastic bag or tinned to keep aroma fresh. But in addition to those regular products, coffee manufacturers have developed various new products such as coffees in disposable paper cups, single-serving coffee bags, etc. Regular coffee consumption in food service sector remains sluggish due to decreasing number of independent coffee shops. However, coffee shop chain operators have been expanding their shop network. Some of fast food restaurant chains are offering high quality gourmet coffee by introducing drip machines in their restaurants and replacing beans with higher quality to stimulate consumers' demand.


Talking about regular coffee imports, US export accounts for 49% share of the total, and top five countries occupy three-quarters of the total. Despite the recent booming gourmet coffee shops, e.g., Starbucks Coffee, regular coffee import is still small.

To be continued.

SOURCE: Pudjiatmoko. 2009. Determining Japanese Market Today for Indonesian Selected Agricultural Products. pp. 8-15. Agricultural Attaché . Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia. Tokyo.

#JapanMarket 

#IndonesianCoffee 

#CoffeeExport 

#CoffeeIndustry 

#MarketAnalysis

Rahasia di Balik Swasembada Daging Sapi: Peran Strategis Balai Besar Pengujian Mutu dan Sertifikasi Obat Hewan yang Jarang Terungkap!

Dalam Pedoman Umum Program Swasembada Daging Sapi 2014 Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, Kementerian Pertanian telah membuat lima program (kegiatan pokok) untuk mencapai swasembada daging sapi 2014 yaitu :

A. Penyediaan Sapi Bakalan/ daging Sapi Lokal Secara Berkelanjutan;

B. Peningkatan Produktivitas dan Reproduktivitas Sapi Lokal;

C. Pencegahan Pemotongan Sapi Betina Produktif;

D. Penyediaan Bibit Sapi Lokal; dan

E. Pengaturan Stock Daging Sapi Dalam Negeri.


Lima kegiatan pokok dijabarkan menjadi 13 kegiatan operasional.

Penanggulangan gangguan reproduksi dan peningkatan pelayan kesehatan hewan merupakan Kegiatan Operasional yang ke tujuh dibawah program (kegiatan pokok) Peningkatan Produktivitas dan Reproduktivitas Ternak Sapi Lokal.

Kegiatan operasional yang ke tujuh ini ditargetkan untuk mengurangi tingkat kegagalan reproduksi sapi betina produktif yang telah dikawin/diinseminasi, dengan melaksanakan kegiatan operasional sebagai berikut :

a. Penanggulangan gangguan reproduksi, dengan cara :

1) Pemeriksaan akseptor terhadap status penyakit Brucellosis (khusus di daerah yang belum bebas Brucellosis).
2) Penigkatan kualitas SDM yang menangani penyakit reproduksi.
3) Pengadaan obat-obatan hormonal.
4) Penanganan ternak yang mengalami gangguan reproduksi.
5) Monitoring, evaluasi, dan pelaporan.


b. Peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan hewan, dengan cara :

1) Pembangunan pusat kesehatan hewan di wilayah pada ternak.
2) Pemeriksaan, identifikasi, dan pemetaan kasus parasit internal dan kematian pedet.
3) Pengadaan obat-obatan parasit internal, terapi antibiotika, dan penambah daya tahan.

Peran BBPMSOH

Peran Balai Besar Pengujian Mutu dan Sertifikasi Obat Hewan (BBPMSOH) dalam kegiatan operasional ini dalam penanggulangan gangguan reproduksi yaitu pengadaan obat-obatan hormonal yang bermutu baik dan juga melakukan pemeriksaan status penyakit reproduksi.

BBPMSOH telah melaksanakan pengujian mutu obat-obatan hormonal yang biasa digunakan untuk penanggulangan gangguan reproduksi.

Dalam peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan hewan BBPMSOH telah melakukan pemeriksaan status penyakit reproduksi pada sapi, yaitu melaksanakan pengkajian penyakit reproduksi yang disebabkan Brucella abortus maupun Chlamydophila abortus di 6 propinsi.

Dalam pengadaan obat-obatan parasit internal, terapi antibiotika, dan penambah daya tahan BBPMSOH telah melaksanakan pengujian mutu obat-obatan tersebut. BBPMSOH berperan menjamin mutu obat hewan yang beredar di Indonesia melalui pengujian mutu dan sertifikasi obat hewan.

Sumber Referensi:
1.Buletin Pengujian Mutu Obat Hewan no. 15, tahun 2010.
2.Pedoman Umum Program Swasembada Daging Sapi 2014, Kementerian Pertanian, Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, tahun 2010.

#BBPMSOH
#SwasembadaDagingSapi
#ObatHewanBermutu
#KesehatanTernak
#PeternakanIndonesia

Dilirik Jepang! Tanaman Bunga Indonesia Ternyata Punya Nilai Ekspor Tinggi

 

Pe­merintah Indonesia harus meng­ubah cara melihat pengembang­an tanaman bunga atau flori­kultura yang semata-mata hanya sebagai kesibukan pedagang ta­naman. Jepang diam-diam me­lihat potensi florikultura Indo­nesia yang sesungguhnya memiliki ni­lai tambah tinggi dibandingkan dengan tanaman pangan.

Demikian diungkapkan Ketua Umum Asosiasi Bunga Indonesia (Asbindo) Karen Tambayong di Jakarta, Selasa (14/9). Di Indo­nesia, potensi florikultura sudah dimasukkan dalam komoditas hortikultura.

Beberapa waktu lalu, Asbindo menerima kedatangan sejumlah peneliti Jepang, antara lain In­struktur Senior Chiba Prefecture Inba Agriculture and Forestry Promotion Center Kotake Hi­saku, Prof. Holticultural Plant Production and Physiology Gifu University Hirokazu Fukui, dan Presiden/CEO Lida Green Co Ltd Hisatoslii Iida.

Karen mengatakan, "Sejumlah pencinta sekaligus peneliti ta­naman Jepang diam-diam sudah melakukan studi adanya peluang nilai tambah dari florikultura di Indonesia. Mereka bukan men­cari peluang, tetapi justru sudah melihat adanya peluang besar yang masih dipandang sebelah mata oleh bangsa Indonesia."

Di Jawa saja, menurut Karen, total lahan potensial seluas 9,1 juta hektar, yang terbagi sekitar 4,3 juta ha lahan padi dan sekitar 4,8 juta ha untuk lahan nonpadi. Akses kepemilikan lahan hanya 0,25 ha per orang, sedangkan standarnya 2 ha per orang.

Karen mengatakan, nilai ekonomi padi hanya Rp 10 juta per ha. Padahal, kalau petani dido­rong memperkuat florikultura, nilai ekonomi dari bunga krisan bisa Rp 200 juta per ha.

Pemerintah semestinya men­dorong florikultura karena pe­ngembangan florikultura mampu mendapatkan lapangan kerja, me­ningkatkan pendapatan dan ke­mampuan petani, kesetaraan gender, industri kreatif, serta memberikan kontribusi pada produk domestik bruto.

Tahun 2008, perkembangan florikultura pada perdagangan dunia mencapai 90 miliar dollar AS. Pertumbuhan industri flo­rikultura 6 - 9 persen.

India, misalnya, nilai ekspor florikultura dengan lahan seluas 103.000 ha bisa mencapai 83,67 juta dollar AS. Kenya dengan la­han 2.000 ha bisa menghasilkan nilai ekspor 350 juta dollar AS. Etiopia dengan 2.000 ha meng­hasilkan nilai ekspor 112 juta dol­lar AS. Sementara Indonesia baru memanfaatkan 100 ha dengan nilai ekspor 19 juta dollar AS.

Ketua Dewan Hortikultura Nasional Benny Kusbini menga­takan bahwa Jepang sudah mulai melirik Indonesia sebagai negara yang sangat po­tensial. Berbagai bibit tanaman yang tentunya sudah melalui proses penelitian akan dikem­bangkan di Indonesia untuk me­menuhi pasar ekspor. Ini mem­butuhkan dukungan serius pe­merintah.

Sumber: Kompas halaman 18 tanggal 15 September 2010

#FlorikulturaIndonesia 

#EksporBunga 

#PeluangJepang 

#Hortikultura 

#PertanianBernilaiTinggi