Just Embraced Islam? Here’s What “Mukallaf” Means — and Why You Must Understand It Now!

 

What is mukallaf in Islam?

A Complete, Simple, and Easy-to-Understand Explanation

 

When someone embraces Islam, they begin to learn about obligations such as prayer, fasting, and zakat. However, there is one important term that must be understood: mukallaf.

A mukallaf is a person who is legally accountable under Islamic law and is responsible for their deeds before Allah (SWT).

 

I. The Meaning of Mukallaf

Simply put:

A mukallaf is someone who is obligated to carry out Allah’s commands and avoid His prohibitions.

When a person becomes mukallaf:

1. The five daily prayers become obligatory.
2. Fasting in Ramadan becomes obligatory.
3. Good and bad deeds are fully recorded as rewards and sins.

However, it is important to remember that Islam is a just religion. Allah does not burden a person beyond their capacity.

 

II. Conditions for Becoming Mukallaf

A person becomes mukallaf when the following three main conditions are met:

1. Sound Mind

The person is mentally sound and not in a state of insanity or unconsciousness.

2. Reaching Puberty (Islamic Adulthood)

Signs of puberty include:

• For males: experiencing a wet dream.
• For females: the onset of menstruation.
• If no physical signs appear, the age of 15 lunar (Hijri) years is considered the maximum limit for puberty.

3. Having Received Knowledge of Islam

This means the person has come to know and understand the basic teachings of Islam.

When these three conditions are fulfilled, a person officially becomes mukallaf.

For adult converts who are mentally sound, the status of mukallaf begins from the moment they declare the shahada.

 

III. The Difference Between Baligh and Mumayyiz

There is often confusion between these two terms:

1. Mumayyiz

A child who can distinguish between right and wrong but has not yet reached puberty. They are trained to pray but are not sinful if they neglect it.

2. Baligh

A person who has reached Islamic adulthood and bears full responsibility for religious obligations.

 

IV. The Consequences of Becoming Mukallaf

Once someone becomes mukallaf:

1. Obligatory acts of worship must be performed.
2. Sins and rewards are fully recorded.
3. Every word and action carries accountability before Allah.

However, Islam also provides concessions (rukhsah) in certain situations, such as:

• A sick person may pray while sitting or lying down.
• A traveler may combine and shorten prayers.
• Someone physically or financially unable is not required to perform Hajj.

This shows that Islamic law is full of justice and mercy.

 

V. Why Understanding Mukallaf Is Important

Understanding the status of mukallaf helps us:

1. Become more aware of our responsibility before Allah.
2. Be more careful in our actions.
3. Be more motivated in worship.
4. Perform obligations with awareness, not compulsion.

For new Muslims, this understanding makes the journey of faith clearer and more grounded.

 

VI. First Steps After Becoming Mukallaf

Here are practical steps to take:

1. Learn the proper method of purification (thaharah).
2. Learn how to perform prayer correctly.
3. Understand the pillars of faith and the pillars of Islam.
4. Find a patient teacher or supportive community.
5. Learn gradually and consistently.

Remember, Allah values sincerity and effort.

 

Conclusion

Becoming mukallaf does not mean life becomes heavy.

Rather, it is a sign that Allah honors us with responsibility.

We are not simply living in this world—we are living with a purpose:
to worship Him and draw closer to Him.

For new Muslims, do not be afraid of the term “legal responsibility.”
See it as an invitation to grow, learn, and come closer to Allah (SWT).

 

#WhatIsMukallaf
#IslamicLaw
#LearnIslam
#NewMuslimGuide
#IslamicBasics

 

Baru Masuk Islam? Ini Arti Mukallaf yang Wajib Dipahami Sebelum Terlambat!

 

Apa Itu Mukallaf dalam Islam?

Penjelasan Lengkap, Sederhana, dan Mudah Dipahami oleh Mu’allaf

 

Ketika seseorang masuk Islam, ia mulai mengenal kewajiban seperti sholat, puasa, dan zakat. Namun, ada satu istilah penting yang perlu dipahami, yaitu mukallaf.

Mukallaf adalah seseorang yang sudah dikenai kewajiban menjalankan hukum Islam dan bertanggung jawab atas amal perbuatannya di hadapan Allah SWT.

 

I. Pengertian Mukallaf

Secara sederhana:

Mukallaf adalah orang yang sudah wajib menjalankan perintah Allah dan menjauhi larangan-Nya.

Ketika seseorang telah menjadi mukallaf:

1. Sholat menjadi wajib.
2. Puasa Ramadan menjadi wajib.
3. Amal baik dan buruk dicatat penuh sebagai pahala dan dosa.

Namun perlu diingat, Islam adalah agama yang adil. Allah tidak membebani seseorang di luar kemampuannya.

 

II. Syarat Seseorang Menjadi Mukallaf

Seseorang menjadi mukallaf apabila memenuhi tiga syarat utama berikut:

1. Berakal Sehat

Tidak dalam keadaan hilang kesadaran atau mengalami gangguan jiwa.

2. Baligh (Dewasa secara Syariat)

Tanda-tanda baligh meliputi:

• Laki-laki: mengalami mimpi basah.
• Perempuan: mengalami haid.
• Jika tanda biologis belum muncul, maka usia 15 tahun (kalender hijriah) dianggap sebagai batas baligh.

3. Telah Mengetahui Ajaran Islam

Artinya, ia telah mengenal dan memahami dasar-dasar ajaran Islam.

Apabila ketiga syarat ini terpenuhi, seseorang resmi menjadi mukallaf.

Bagi mu’allaf yang sudah dewasa dan berakal sehat, status mukallaf berlaku sejak ia mengucapkan syahadat.

 

III. Perbedaan Baligh dan Mumayyiz

Sering terjadi kekeliruan dalam memahami dua istilah ini:

1. Mumayyiz
   Anak yang sudah dapat membedakan baik dan buruk, tetapi belum baligh. Ia dilatih untuk sholat, namun belum berdosa jika meninggalkannya.
2. Baligh
   Sudah dewasa secara syariat dan mulai memikul tanggung jawab penuh atas kewajiban agama.

 

IV. Konsekuensi Menjadi Mukallaf

Setelah seseorang menjadi mukallaf, maka:

1. Ibadah wajib harus dilaksanakan.
2. Dosa dan pahala dihitung sepenuhnya.
3. Setiap ucapan dan perbuatan memiliki pertanggungjawaban di hadapan Allah.

Namun, Islam juga memberikan keringanan (rukhsah) dalam kondisi tertentu, seperti:

• Orang sakit boleh sholat sambil duduk atau berbaring.
• Musafir boleh menjamak dan mengqashar sholat.
• Orang yang tidak mampu secara fisik dan finansial tidak wajib menunaikan haji.

Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa syariat Islam penuh keadilan dan kasih sayang.

 

V. Mengapa Memahami Mukallaf Itu Penting?

Memahami status mukallaf membantu kita untuk:

1. Lebih sadar akan tanggung jawab kepada Allah.
2. Lebih berhati-hati dalam bertindak.
3. Lebih semangat dalam beribadah.
4. Menjalankan kewajiban dengan kesadaran, bukan keterpaksaan.

Bagi mu’allaf, pemahaman ini membuat perjalanan iman menjadi lebih terarah dan mantap.

 

VI. Langkah Awal Setelah Menjadi Mukallaf

Berikut beberapa langkah praktis yang dapat dilakukan:

1. Mempelajari tata cara bersuci (thaharah).
2. Mempelajari tata cara sholat dengan benar.
3. Memahami rukun iman dan rukun Islam.
4. Mencari guru atau lingkungan yang membimbing dengan sabar.
5. Belajar secara bertahap dan konsisten.

Ingatlah, Allah menilai kesungguhan dan usaha kita.

 

Penutup

Menjadi mukallaf bukan berarti hidup menjadi berat.
Justru ini adalah tanda bahwa Allah memuliakan kita dengan tanggung jawab.

Kita tidak sekadar hidup di dunia, tetapi hidup dengan tujuan:
beribadah dan mendekat kepada-Nya.

Bagi saudara baru, jangan takut dengan istilah “beban syariat”.
Anggaplah ia sebagai undangan untuk tumbuh, belajar, dan semakin dekat kepada Allah SWT.

#ApaItuMukallaf
#HukumIslam
#BelajarIslam
#PanduanMuallaf
#DasarSyariat

Bahaya Tersembunyi! Ini Prosedur Wajib Penarikan & Pemusnahan Obat Hewan Kadaluarsa yang Tak Boleh Diabaikan

 

XVII. PENARIKAN DAN PEMUSNAHAN PRODUK KADALUARSA (HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF EXPIRED PRODUCTS)

 

1. Tujuan (Objective)

Bagian ini bertujuan untuk memastikan bahwa seluruh produk obat hewan yang telah melewati masa berlaku (kadaluarsa) ditangani, disimpan, dan dimusnahkan dengan cara yang aman, terkontrol, dan terdokumentasi guna mencegah penggunaannya secara tidak sah serta menghindari pencemaran terhadap lingkungan.

 

2. Ruang Lingkup (Scope)

Prosedur ini berlaku untuk seluruh produk obat hewan yang:

• Telah melewati tanggal kedaluwarsa;
• Tidak lulus pengujian mutu;
• Dikembalikan dari pelanggan atau hasil penarikan dari peredaran;
• Tidak memenuhi spesifikasi mutu akibat kerusakan fisik, penyimpanan yang tidak sesuai, atau sebab lainnya.

Prosedur ini mencakup seluruh kegiatan penanganan, penyimpanan, dokumentasi, serta pemusnahan produk kadaluarsa di area produksi, gudang, dan distribusi.

 

3. Tanggung Jawab (Responsibilities)

• Manajer Mutu (Quality Manager):
  Bertanggung jawab untuk memastikan seluruh proses identifikasi, penyimpanan, dan pemusnahan produk kadaluarsa dilakukan sesuai prosedur serta diverifikasi kebenarannya.
• Bagian Gudang (Warehouse Department):
  Bertanggung jawab mengidentifikasi dan memisahkan produk kadaluarsa dari produk yang masih layak, serta menjaga penyimpanan sementara di area karantina yang ditentukan.
• Bagian Produksi dan Pengawasan Mutu (Production and Quality Control):
  Menyediakan data pendukung terkait lot/batch yang kadaluarsa, serta melakukan konfirmasi terhadap status mutu dan keputusan pemusnahan.
• Tim Pemusnahan Produk (Disposal Team):
  Melaksanakan proses pemusnahan sesuai metode yang disetujui dan memastikan pelaksanaannya aman terhadap manusia dan lingkungan.
• Manajemen Puncak (Top Management):
  Memberikan persetujuan akhir terhadap pelaksanaan pemusnahan dan memastikan bahwa catatan dokumentasi telah lengkap dan sah.

 

4. Prinsip Umum (General Principles)

• Produk yang telah melewati masa berlaku tidak boleh digunakan, dijual, atau didistribusikan dalam keadaan apa pun.
• Semua produk kadaluarsa harus disimpan di area terpisah dan diberi label “PRODUK KADALUARSA – TIDAK UNTUK DIGUNAKAN” secara jelas dan permanen.
• Pemusnahan produk hanya boleh dilakukan setelah mendapat persetujuan dari Manajer Mutu dan disaksikan oleh minimal dua orang pejabat yang berwenang.
• Proses pemusnahan harus dilakukan dengan cara yang tidak membahayakan manusia, hewan, atau lingkungan, serta sesuai dengan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku.

 

5. Prosedur Penanganan Produk Kadaluarsa (Handling of Expired Products)

5.1. Identifikasi dan Pemisahan (Identification and Segregation)

• Setiap produk yang telah melewati masa berlaku harus segera diidentifikasi oleh Bagian Gudang berdasarkan data lot dan tanggal kedaluwarsa.
• Produk kadaluarsa dipindahkan ke area karantina khusus dengan pengawasan terbatas.
• Pencatatan dilakukan pada Daftar Produk Kadaluarsa (Expired Product Logbook) untuk setiap batch yang disisihkan.

5.2. Verifikasi dan Persetujuan Pemusnahan (Verification and Approval for Disposal)

• Bagian Pengawasan Mutu melakukan verifikasi terhadap data batch dan status produk untuk memastikan bahwa produk memang tidak dapat digunakan kembali.
• Berdasarkan hasil verifikasi, Manajer Mutu mengeluarkan Surat Persetujuan Pemusnahan (Disposal Authorization Form) sebelum tindakan pemusnahan dilakukan.

5.3. Metode Pemusnahan (Disposal Methods)

Metode pemusnahan dipilih sesuai dengan jenis produk dan peraturan lingkungan yang berlaku, antara lain:

• Incinasi (Incineration): Pembakaran pada suhu tinggi untuk menghancurkan produk secara total.
• Netralisasi Kimia (Chemical Neutralization): Untuk produk cair atau bahan kimia berbahaya yang memerlukan proses netralisasi.
• Penguburan Aman (Secure Burial): Dilakukan untuk produk padat non-toksik dengan persetujuan otoritas lingkungan.
• Pengembalian ke Pihak Ketiga (Third-Party Disposal): Dilakukan melalui perusahaan berizin yang memiliki fasilitas pemusnahan limbah farmasi.

Seluruh proses harus disaksikan dan didokumentasikan oleh Tim Pemusnahan Produk.

5.4. Dokumentasi Pemusnahan (Disposal Documentation)

Catatan pemusnahan harus memuat:

• Nomor batch/lot dan nama produk;
• Jumlah dan bentuk sediaan;
• Alasan pemusnahan;
• Metode pemusnahan yang digunakan;
• Tanggal pelaksanaan dan lokasi pemusnahan;
• Nama dan tanda tangan petugas pelaksana serta saksi yang hadir.

Semua catatan disimpan sebagai bagian dari dokumentasi mutu dan dapat diperiksa selama audit internal maupun inspeksi otoritas.

 

6. Penarikan Produk Kadaluarsa dari Peredaran (Withdrawal of Expired Products from the Market)

• Jika terdapat produk kadaluarsa yang masih beredar di pasar atau ditemukan di titik distribusi, tindakan penarikan harus segera dilakukan oleh Bagian Distribusi dan Manajer Mutu.
• Produk yang ditarik dari pasar harus diperlakukan sama dengan produk kadaluarsa lain, yaitu disimpan di area karantina sebelum dimusnahkan.
• Catatan penarikan harus dikaitkan dengan sistem pelacakan batch (batch traceability) untuk memastikan seluruh produk yang terlibat telah berhasil ditarik.

 

7. Kepatuhan terhadap Regulasi Lingkungan (Environmental and Regulatory Compliance)

• Semua kegiatan pemusnahan produk harus mematuhi peraturan nasional mengenai pengelolaan limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (B3) serta peraturan lingkungan lainnya.
• Pemusnahan harus dilakukan di fasilitas yang memiliki izin resmi dari instansi berwenang.
• Bukti pemusnahan, seperti Sertifikat Pemusnahan (Certificate of Disposal) dari pihak ketiga, harus disimpan sebagai bagian dari dokumentasi mutu perusahaan.

 

8. Audit dan Tinjauan (Audit and Review)

• Proses penanganan dan pemusnahan produk kadaluarsa harus diaudit secara berkala oleh bagian Mutu untuk memastikan kepatuhan terhadap prosedur dan efektivitas penerapannya.
• Hasil audit dan evaluasi pemusnahan disertakan dalam Tinjauan Manajemen (Management Review) sebagai bahan peningkatan sistem mutu dan efisiensi pengelolaan limbah farmasi.

 #ObatHewan

#ProdukKadaluarsa

#PemusnahanProduk

#ManajemenMutu

#RegulasiFarmasi

The Silent Threat of Nipah Virus: How Prepared Is Indonesia to Face a Deadly Zoonotic Outbreak?

 

POLICY BRIEF

PREPAREDNESS FOR THE THREAT OF A NIPAH VIRUS OUTBREAK IN INDONESIA

Date: February 4, 2026
Issue: Public Health & Zoonotic Diseases
Approach: One Health (Human–Animal–Environment Health)

 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The re-emergence of Nipah virus (NiV) cases in India in early 2026 serves as an early warning for Asian countries, including Indonesia. With a very high case fatality rate in humans (40–75%), no approved vaccine or specific treatment, and transmission dynamics involving complex human–animal–environment interactions, Nipah virus poses significant potential health, social, and economic impacts if not systematically anticipated. Nipah is listed among the priority diseases identified by the World Health Organization (WHO).

For Ministers, Parliament (DPR), Regional Governments, and Veterinary Authorities, Nipah virus must be positioned as a strategic national health security threat rooted in zoonotic transmission. Although human-to-human transmission is relatively limited and not as efficient as COVID-19, the risk of sporadic cross-regional outbreaks remains real—particularly in densely populated areas, regions with intensive livestock activities, and communities located near wildlife habitats.

This policy brief emphasizes the urgency of strengthening prevention policies, early detection systems, and cross-sectoral preparedness through a One Health approach.

 

BACKGROUND

Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus from the genus Henipavirus that first caused a major outbreak in 1998 in Malaysia. The virus exhibits strong tropism for the brain and lungs, leading to severe pneumonia and encephalitis. Involvement of the central nervous system may result in neurological disorders such as behavioral changes, cognitive decline, and seizures.

Its natural reservoir consists of fruit bats of the genus Pteropus. Transmission may occur through:

• Direct contact with fruit bats or their bodily fluids.
• Consumption of contaminated food products (e.g., raw palm sap or unpasteurized date palm juice).
• Limited human-to-human transmission through close contact.

The recent outbreak in India, confirmed by the National Institute of Virology, Pune, reaffirms that Asia remains a high-risk region due to the presence of natural reservoirs, certain traditional food consumption practices, and high population density.

 

RISK ANALYSIS

1. Health Risk

• Very high case fatality rate (40–75%) with predominant severe neurological symptoms such as encephalitis.
• Significant mortality and strain on healthcare systems.
• Limited intensive care and isolation capacity.

2. Preparedness Risk

• Limited rapid diagnostic capacity (RT-PCR, ELISA, virus culture, neutralization tests), especially at field level and in primary healthcare facilities.
• Insufficient isolation rooms and ICU capacity.
• Potential delays in early detection and outbreak response.

3. Socio-Economic Risk

• Public panic, travel and trade disruptions, and stigma against affected regions.
• Economic losses and social instability.
• Decline in public trust.

4. Cross-Sectoral Risk

• Strong interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health.
• Risk of ineffective control without coordinated cross-sectoral action.

 

POLICY OBJECTIVES

1. Provide strategic considerations for Ministers and Parliament in setting national policies and allocating budgets for high-risk zoonotic preparedness.
2. Strengthen the role of Regional Governments in prevention, early detection, and initial response.
3. Optimize the function of Veterinary Authorities in animal disease surveillance and zoonotic risk control.
4. Promote cross-sectoral and interregional coordination through the One Health framework.
5. Protect the public through effective, proportional, and evidence-based risk communication.

 

POLICY OPTIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Integrated One Health Surveillance

Key Actors: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Regional Governments

• Integration of human–animal–environment surveillance systems.
• Active monitoring of Nipah virus in bats and livestock.
• Rapid cross-regional reporting mechanisms.

Strategic Benefit: Early outbreak detection and prevention of wider spread.

 

2. Health System Preparedness

Key Actors: Ministry of Health, Referral Hospitals, Provincial/District Health Offices

• Strengthening laboratory capacity (including BSL-3 facilities).
• Training healthcare workers on emerging infectious disease protocols.
• Expanding isolation and ICU capacity.

Strategic Benefit: Faster response and reduced risk of healthcare-associated transmission.

 

3. Environmental & Food Risk Control

Key Actors: Regional Governments, Food Safety Authorities, Ministry of Environment and Forestry

• Public education on safe food consumption.
• Monitoring of traditional food products (e.g., raw palm sap).
• Wildlife habitat management based on conservation principles.

Strategic Benefit: Reduced initial zoonotic exposure risk.

 

4. Risk Communication & Public Education

Key Actors: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communication and Information, Media

• Transparent and proportional information dissemination.
• Engagement of community and religious leaders.
• Countering misinformation with science-based communication.

Strategic Benefit: Prevention of panic and improved public compliance.

 

5. Research & International Cooperation

Key Actors: National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Global Partners

• Support for vaccine and therapeutic research.
• Regional data sharing and best-practice exchange.
• Cross-border preparedness simulations.

Strategic Benefit: Long-term capacity building and strengthened health diplomacy.

 

POLICY IMPLICATIONS

A purely reactive approach is insufficient to address the threat of Nipah virus. Sustained investment in zoonotic prevention, outbreak preparedness, and the One Health approach will generate long-term benefits in preventing future public health crises.

 

CONCLUSION

The Nipah outbreak in India serves as an early warning for Indonesia. Although it may not have pandemic potential comparable to COVID-19, its impact can be highly fatal and disruptive if not addressed seriously.

Proactive, science-based, and well-coordinated policies are essential to protect public health and maintain regional health security.

This policy brief is prepared as a strategic reference for policymakers, health authorities, and cross-sector stakeholders to strengthen preparedness against high-risk zoonotic diseases, enabling Indonesia to respond more effectively than during the COVID-19 pandemic experience.

 

Source: Center for Strategic Development Studies – Indonesian Society of Scientists and Technologists (CSDS MITI).

#NipahVirus
#OneHealth
#OutbreakPreparedness
#PublicHealth
#Zoonosis

 

Different Ramadan Again? Here Are the Scientific Facts Behind the Global Unified Hijri Calendar (KHGT) That Could Unite Muslims Worldwide!

 

Toward Muslim Unity: Understanding the Global Unified Hijri Calendar (GUHC) in the Observance of Ramadan

Islam is a religion that upholds order and knowledge. Amid today’s advances in space technology, Muslims are presented with a revolutionary methodological innovation: The Global Unified Hijri Calendar (GUHC). This concept is not merely a timekeeping tool, but a scientific effort to realize unity in worship among Muslims around the world.

 

What Is KHGT?

Scientifically, GUHC is a calendrical system that establishes the principle of one day, one date worldwide. Based on the outcomes of the International Congress on the Global Islamic Calendar held in Turkey (2016), this system seeks to unify the Islamic calendar so that there will no longer be differences among countries in starting Ramadan or celebrating Eid.

Its scientific foundation rests on robust astronomical criteria:

Global Imkanur Rukyat (Global Crescent Visibility):
If the crescent (hilal) meets the visibility criteria anywhere on Earth before 00:00 GMT, then the entire world is considered to have entered a new lunar month.

Strict Parameters:
The minimum requirements for the new month are a crescent altitude of at least 5 degrees and an elongation (angular distance between the Moon and the Sun) of at least 8 degrees.

The Growth of the Crescent:
Scientifically, the crescent continues to grow over time. If in Indonesia the crescent is not yet visible (because sunset occurs earlier), a few hours later it will certainly be higher and visible in western regions of the Earth such as the Americas. GUHC recognizes the crescent’s visibility in the western hemisphere as valid for residents in the eastern hemisphere (including Indonesia).

 

The Challenge of Ramadan 1447 AH (2026 CE)

In 2026, we face a dynamic scientific situation. According to GUHC calculations, 1 Ramadan 1447 AH falls on Wednesday, 18 February 2026.

Why might this differ from the government/MABIMS prediction (19 February)?

Astronomically, at sunset on 17 February, the crescent’s altitude in Indonesia remains low (below the local 3-degree criterion). However, in the western hemisphere (such as Alaska or the Americas), the crescent’s altitude is significantly higher and satisfies the international 5-degree criterion. For proponents of GUHC, a verified sighting in another part of the world is valid for all Muslims globally.

 

Why Is GUHC Important for Da’wah?

From a da’wah perspective, implementing a single global calendar carries profound significance:

Certainty in Worship (Hifz ad-Din):
With a global astronomical calculation system, worship schedules can be predicted with high precision decades in advance. This facilitates international planning for ‘umrah, hajj, and zakat distribution.

Manifestation of Muslim Unity:
Just as Muslims face a single Ka‘bah in prayer, GUHC invites Muslims to begin fasting and celebrate Eid on the same day, removing geographical boundaries that have long caused differences.

Islam as Pro-Science:
These differences are not theological divisions, but developments in methodological ijtihad. They demonstrate that Islam remains open to modern space research for the benefit of humanity.

 

Conclusion

Differences in determining the beginning of a lunar month constitute a scientific domain that should be approached with maturity and mutual respect (tasamuh). However, moving toward a single global calendar represents a grand vision to demonstrate the strength and unity of the Muslim world in the modern era.

May we observe Ramadan with devotion, guided by knowledge and conviction.

 

#GlobalHijriCalendar
#GUHC
#Ramadan1447AH
#AstronomicalCalculation
#MuslimUnity