Petunjuk ekspor hasil pertanian

Seiring dengan dinamika pasar yang terus berkembang, batas negara atau wilayah bukan lagi dipandang sebagai penghalang, akan tetapi merupakan peluang yang harus siap dimanfaatkan. Produk pertanian dengan sejuta ragam, akan siap dikembangkan untuk memanfaatkan peluang pasar, bahkan menciptakan pasar.

Catatan ini dimaksudkan sebagai petunjuk awal yang berisikan petunjuk praktis pelaksanaan ekspor komoditi pertanian. Implementasinya dalam dunia perdagangan internasional yang tentunya masih perlu disesuaikan dengan ketentuan negara yang dituju dan keinginan pembeli. Petunjuk pelaksanaan ekspor yang dapat dipelajari adalah sebagai berikut:

I. Penyiapan dokumen hasil pertanian

Dokumen yang perlu disiapkan dan instansi yang menerbitkan/mengeluarkan adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Phytosanitary Certificate diterbitkan oleh Unit Pelaksana Teknis Badan Karantina Pertanian yang ada di Bandar Udara dan Pelabuhan (Bila diperlukan)

2. Fumigation Certificate diterbitkan oleh Perusahaan Fumigasi yang ditunjuk Badan Karantina (Bila diperlukan)

3. Wood Packing Certificate diterbitkan oleh Perusahaan yang sudah diregistrasi Badan Karantina Pertanian (Bila diperlukan)

4. Quality Certificate, Test Certificate dan Chemical Analysis diterbitkan oleh Balai Pengujian dan Sertifikasi Mutu Barang (Bila diperlukan)

5. Certificate of Quality, Certificate of weight, Chemical analysis dan Survey report/Inspection Certificate diterbitkan oleh Independent Surveyor yang disyahkan pemerintah (Bila diperlukan)

6. Veterinary Certificate diterbitkan oleh Dinas Peternakan (Bila diperlukan)

7. Certificate of Origin / Surat Keterangan Asal diterbitkan oleh Instansi yang membidangi perdagangan pada propinsi, kabupaten/kota atau instansi lain yang telah ditetapkan oleh Menteri Perdagangan

8. Packing List dikeluarkan oleh Ekspotir dan Perusahaan Jasa angkutan

9. Pemberitahuan Ekspor Barang dikeluarkan oleh Eksportir

10. Surat Setoran Bea Cukai dikeluarkan oleh Bank

11. Surat Setoran Pajak dikeluarkan oleh Bank

12. Surat Ijin Memuat Barang dikeluarkan Ditjen Bea dan Cukai

II. Penyiapan Dokumen Perusahaan / Eksportir

Dokumen Instansi yang diperlukan dan Instansi yang Menerbitkan / Mengeluarkan adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Tanda Daftar Usaha Perdagangan (TDUP) dan Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan (SIUP) dikeluarkan oleh Bupati/Walikota

2. Tanda Daftar Perdagangan (TDP) dikeluarkan oleh Kantor Daftar Perusahaan

3. Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (N.P.W.P) dikeluarkan oleh Kantor Inspeksi Pajak

III. Proses Kontrak Dagang

1. Eksportir mempromosikan komoditas ekspor melalui media
promosi seperti pameran dagang, internet, dll.

2. Impotir yang berminat mengirimkan Surat Permintaan Harga
(Letter of Inquiry) kepada Eksportir

3. Eksportir yang siap memenuhi permintaan menjawab Letter of Inquiry dengan mengirimkan Offer Sheet.

4. Importir yang berminat akan mengirimkan Order Sheet kepada Eksportir

5. Eksportir menyampaikan Sales's Contract kepada Importir

6. Importir yang menyetujui akan memberikan Sales’s Confirmation

IV. Jenis Pembayaran

1. Letter of Credit (L/C)

2. Non L/C (Cash against Document /CAD, Wesel dll )

V. Alternatif Pengiriman Barang

1. Menggunakan jasa angkutan laut
Dokumen yang dierbitkan oleh perusahaan jasa angkuta laut berupa Bill of Lading

2. Menggunakan Jasa angkutan udara
Dokumen yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan jasa angkutan udara berupa Air Waybill

VI. Proses Pembukaan Letter of Credit (L/C)

1. Setelah Importir memberikan konfirmasi terhadap Sales's Contract yang diajukan Eksportir, Importir mengajukan aplikasi pembukaan L/C kepada Bank Pembuka (Opening Bank).

2. Opening Bank akan mengeluarkan L/C Confirmation dan meminta kepada Bank koresponden /Advising Bank yang ada di negara Eksportir untuk meneruskan L/C tersebut kepada Eksportir.

3. Advising Bank akan menyampaikan L/C Advice kepada Eksportir yang akan menjadi jaminan untuk pembayaran bila barang sudah dikirim dan diterima oleh Importir.

VII. Proses Pengiriman Barang Menggunakan Kapal Laut

1. Eksportir menyerahkan barang kepada perusahaan pelayaran (Shipping Company) berikut copy dokumen pendukung (Pajak Ekspor, Pajak Ekspor Tambahan /PET, Pemberitahuan Ekspor Barang/PEB dll)

2. Shipping Company menyerahkan dokumen pengiriman barang (Shipping Document) kepada Eksportir.

3. Eksportir mengirimkan Shipping Document melalui Bank koresponden untuk disampaikan kepada Importir melalui Opening Bank di negara Importir.

4. Shipping Document akan digunakan oleh Importir untuk menerima barang di pelabuhan tujuan.


Sumber: Direktorat Pemasaran Internasional, Direktorat Jenderal Pengolahan dan Pemasaran Hasil Pertanian, Deptan

Rice Crisis Solution

The Green Revolution in Asia, which began in the 1960s with the introduction of modern, high-yielding rice varieties, led to a rapid rise in both rice yields and overall production. This contributed to poverty reduction directly through increased income for rice farmers and indirectly through lower prices for rice, which benefited poor consumers in both rural and urban areas.

However, this long-term decline ended in 2001, with the rice price taking a sustained upward turn since then. The price continued to rise throughout 2007 and has sharply increased in the first quarter of 2008. The world price of Thai rice, 5%-broken—a popular export grade—in December 2007 was $362 per ton but almost tripled to around $1,000 per ton at the end of April this year.

Major exporting countries such as Vietnam and India have announced different forms of export restrictions to protect their domestic consumers. These restrictions have further contributed to the recent increase in rice price as the rice supply in the world market has dwindled. While exporters are holding on to their stock of rice, importers are rushing into the market to buy more rice to meet their consumption needs and to build their own stock. Hoarding by traders for speculative purposes has added fuel to the fire in some countries. The market shortages and rise in price have now reached a crisis point, with recent quotes for rice price being as high as $1,000 per ton. Food riots have occurred in several countries and soldiers are guarding food trucks to prevent looting.

We are consuming more than we are producing

Many factors, both long- and short-term, have contributed to the rice crisis. At a fundamental level, the sustained rise in the price over the past 7–8 years indicates that we have been consuming more than we have been producing. This imbalance between demand and production has been partly masked by a reduction in rice stockpiles. In fact, rice stocks are being rapidly depleted, with current stocks at their lowest since 1988 (Figure 3). This depletion of stock has moderated the rise in price that would have occurred otherwise. The current low stocks, however, negate the chances of such a moderating influence in the future and increase the risk of a sharp rise in price.

Annual growth in yield is slowing

A major reason for the imbalance between the long-term demand and supply is the slowing growth in yield, which has decreased substantially over the past 10–15 years in most countries. In South Asia, average yield growth decreased from 2.14% per year in 1970-90 to 1.40% per year in 1990-2005. In some years, this has been below 1%. Yield growth in Southeast Asia has decreased similarly. In the major rice-growing countries of Asia, yield growth over the past 5–6 years has been almost nil (Figure 4). Globally, yields have risen by less than 1% per year in recent years.

Little room for expansion of rice area

Further, the possibility of increasing the rice area is almost exhausted in most Asian countries. With little expansion in area and slowing yield increases, growth in rice production has fallen below growth in demand as population has continued to increase.

Reduced public investment in agricultural research and development

An important factor accounting for the slowdown in yield growth is the reduced public investment in agricultural research and development (R&D). In particular, international donors have not provided sufficient support for agricultural R&D that is directly related to increasing crop productivity. Many governments have been unable to compensate for this by allocating more of their own resources.

Rice prices declined steadily in the 1990s, leading many governments to believe that the supply of food was plentiful. Lower prices were taken for granted, leading to complacency in agricultural research and development. Such investment has decreased in Asia in real terms over time (Figure 5). Public spending on agricultural research in Asia grew by an average of 3.9% per year during the 1990s, compared with 4.3% annually during the previous decade. In 2000, overall public research intensity, measured by the percentage of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) invested in public agricultural research, remained low at 0.53 for developing countries as a whole.

Africa

Rice has become an increasingly popular food in Africa, with imports into Africa accounting for almost one-third of the total world trade in rice. This has increased over time as growth in rice production is far slower than growth in total demand. It is expected that demand from Africa will continue to grow.


Population increase


Population growth is outstripping production growth and this is projected to get worse. Demand for rice in Asia is expected to continue to rise as its population expands. Even after allowing for some decrease in per-capita rice consumption in Asian countries with higher income levels, it is projected that in 2015 Asia will need to produce 38 million more tons of rough (unmilled) rice than it produced in 2005. Globally, demand is increasing by around 5 million tons each year. This means that in ten years the world will need to produce 50 million tons more than it does now.

Economic growth

With rapid economic growth in large countries such as India and China, demand for cereals has increased substantially for both consumption and livestock production. This income-driven growth in demand has pushed up the price of cereals in general. In many areas with high population density, highly productive rice land has been lost to housing and industrial development, or to growing vegetables and other cash crops.

Irrigation

Investments in irrigation, which peaked during the Green Revolution period in the 1970s and 1980s, have decreased substantially. Existing irrigation infrastructure has deteriorated considerably because of inadequate maintenance.

Oil prices

The price of oil has increased rapidly during the past year. In addition to contributing to general inflationary pressure, this has pushed up freight costs for countries that import rice. The world price of fertilizers—which are essential for rice production—has increased sharply, with the price of urea almost doubling over the past four years.

Rising oil prices and concerns about climate change have also spurred rapid investments—particularly in developed countries—in biofuels such as ethanol produced from maize grain or biodiesel produced from oilseeds. This has increased pressure on international trade of grains and livestock feed, as well as on agricultural land in some countries. Until now, the direct impact of biofuels on rice production and rice trade has likely been small. However, if the industry continues to grow, rice production and prices may be affected more seriously.

Extreme weather

Natural disasters such as widespread drought in India and China in 2002, typhoons in the Philippines in 2006, and major flooding in Bangladesh in 2007 have contributed to the shortfall in production in recent years. Global temperatures, particularly night-time temperatures, have steadily risen in recent decades because of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Some evidence suggests that rising temperatures may have already contributed to lower rice yields in recent years, but a thorough global assessment is yet to be conducted. Further, human-induced climate change is expected to increase the severity and frequency of extreme weather events.

Reoccurring pest outbreaks

Pests such as planthoppers, and the various virus diseases transmitted by them, were major threats to rice intensification programs in the 1970s and 1980s. Now, they have returned as major threats to production, primarily due to breakdowns in crop resistance and the excessive use of broad-spectrum, long-residual insecticides that disrupt natural pest control mechanisms. Since 2005, planthopper outbreaks have affected several million hectares of rice land in countries such as Vietnam, China, Indonesia, Korea, and Japan, particularly in growing seasons with abnormally higher temperatures (which are becoming more likely because of climate change). In Vietnam, planthopper and virus outbreaks were a major reason behind the government’s decision to restrict rice exports.

Domestic rice prices have not risen as much as international prices because of the weakening of the U.S. dollar and stabilization policies implemented by national governments. Nevertheless, a rise in the price of rice is equivalent to a drop in real income for poor consumers in urban areas and landless laborers in rural areas who need to buy rice. Even a small increase in price can seriously affect the household food security of such people. For example, a 25% increase in rice price translates into a 7–10% drop in the real income of poor consumers, as rice purchases often constitute 30–40% of their total expenditures.

Such a drop in income not only increases the number of poor people but also pushes people deeper into poverty and hunger. With less money available, the poor are forced to spend less on such essential needs as health care and nutritious (protein- and vitamin-rich) food—essential for good health, especially for children and pregnant women. Families may even pull children out of schools, thus threatening future generations with ongoing poverty.

The rise in food prices is also affecting the poor indirectly as international relief agencies are forced to provide less food. According to the United Nations Population Fund, its program of school feeding and “food-for-work” is being severely affected as a result of the price rise. The World Food Programme recently said that its costs are increasing by millions of dollars per week.
The best strategy for keeping the price of rice low is to ensure that production increases faster than demand. Rice production can be increased by expanding the area planted to rice, by increasing the yield per unit area, or by a combination of the two. The opportunity for further increasing the rice area in Asia is now quite limited. The total rice area in Asia is unlikely to increase much beyond the current estimate of 136 million hectares. Although some increase in cropping intensity is still possible, rice land is being lost to industrialization, urbanization, or conversion to other crops.

The main source of additional production will therefore have to be yield growth. Global average rice yields must continue to rise at an annual rate of at least 50 kg per hectare to keep pace with the expected demand, or by 0.5 tons per hectare over the next 10 years (about 12% above current levels).

Productivity growth through the development and dissemination of improved technologies is the only long-term viable solution for bringing prices down, preventing future increases in price, and ensuring that affordable rice is available to poor rice consumers.

To achieve this, a second Green Revolution is needed now as much as the first Green Revolution was needed to avoid famine and mass starvation. The task is equally challenging but not insurmountable, provided a substantial boost is given to agricultural research, which continues to remain highly underinvested. Increased research investment together with policy reforms that make rice markets more efficient will help bring rice prices down to a level affordable to the poor and, ultimately, reduce poverty.

In the near term, urgent actions from national governments and international agencies are needed on two fronts: rapidly exploiting existing technological opportunities for increasing rice yields and policy reforms to improve poor people’s food entitlements. Rice production can be revitalized, but there are no silver bullets. The world community must invest now and for a long time to come.

Some of the actions listed below deal with the immediate crisis while others provide long-term solutions to prevent future crises.

IRRI is calling for the implementation of the following nine-point program of short- and long-term interventions:

1. Bring about an agronomic revolution in Asian rice production to reduce existing yield gaps

Farmers have struggled to maximize the production potential of the rice varieties they are growing, so there is a gap between potential yield and actual yield. Depending on production conditions, an unexploited yield gap of 1–2 tons per hectare currently exists in most farmers’ fields in rice-growing areas of Asia. Such yield gaps can be reduced through the use of better crop management practices, particularly in irrigated environments. This requires funding support for programs aimed at improving farmers’ skills in such practices as land preparation, water and nutrient management, and control of pests and diseases.

2. Accelerate the delivery of new postharvest technologies to reduce losses


Postharvest includes the storing, drying, and processing of rice. Most farmers in Asia suffer considerable losses in terms of both quantity and quality of rice during postharvest operations because of the use of old and inefficient practices. Active promotion of exciting new technologies that are currently available for on-farm storage and drying will reduce losses considerably.

3. Accelerate the introduction and adoption of higher yielding rice varieties

New rice varieties exist that could increase production, but farmers are not using them mainly because the systems that develop and introduce new varieties are under-resourced.

4. Strengthen and upgrade the rice breeding and research pipelines

Funding for the development of new rice varieties has steadily declined over the past decade or more. This must be reversed in order to develop the new rice varieties that will be required for sustained productivity growth. Opportunities exist to accelerate the development of new rice varieties with increased tolerance of abiotic stresses (such as drought, flooding, and salinity) and resistance to insects and diseases through new precision-breeding approaches. Likewise, record high fertilizer prices and new pest outbreaks demand the urgent revitalization of research on rice crop and resource management.

5. Accelerate research on the world’s thousands of rice varieties so scientists can tap the vast reservoir of untapped knowledge they contain

Working with IRRI, the nations of Asia have spent decades carefully collecting the region’s thousands of rice varieties. More than 100,000 types of rice are now being carefully managed and used at IRRI and in Asian nations. However, scientists have studied in detail only about 10% of these types. It is urgent that researchers learn more about the other 90% so they can be used in the development of new varieties.

6. Develop a new generation of rice scientists and researchers for the public and private sectors

Another vital concern for the Asian rice industry is the education and training of young scientists and researchers from rice-producing countries. Asia urgently needs to train a new generation of rice scientists and researchers—before the present generation retires—if the region’s rice industry is to successfully capitalize on advances in modern science.

7. Increase public investment in agricultural infrastructure

Adequate investments in agricultural infrastructure such as roads, irrigation systems, and market systems are critically important for raising and sustaining productivity growth in rice. As with agricultural research, the underinvestment in infrastructure needs to be corrected urgently.

8. Reform policy to improve the efficiency of marketing systems for both inputs and outputs

Domestic and international marketing systems need to improve so that changes in consumer prices are reflected in producer or farm-gate prices (this is known as efficient transmission of price signals). Policies should be developed and revised to remove barriers to the efficient transmission of price signals and to create conditions that allow the private sector to function smoothly.

9. Strengthen food safety nets for the poor

Poor and disadvantaged people who are highly vulnerable to food shortages require strong food and social safety net programs to ensure that their needs are adequately met. Both urban and rural poor people would benefit from food or income transfers and nutrition programs focusing on early childhood.

Source : IRRI, June 5, 2008

U.N. Secretary General wants 50% rise in food production by 2030

The United Nations urged a summit on the global food crisis on Tuesday to help stop the spread of starvation threatening nearly 1 billion people by lowering trade barriers and removing export bans. "Nothing is more degrading than hunger, especially when man-made,"U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki Moon told world leaders who are likely to disagree over the link between biofuel production and high food prices.

The World Bank and aid agencies estimate soaring food prices could push as many as 100 million more people into hunger. About 850 milion are already hungry.

Ban estimated the "global price tag" to overcome the food crisis would be US$ 15 billion to US$ 20 billion a year and that food supply had to rise 50% by the year 2030 to meet climbing demand.

"Some countries have taken avtion by limiting exports or by imposing draft controls." he said. This "distorts markets and force prices even higher. I call on nations to resist such measures and to immediately release exports designated for huminatarian purposes."

The United Nations urged a summit on the global food crisis on Tuesday to help stop the spread of starvation threatening nearly 1 billion people by lowering trade barriers and removing export bans.Aid agencies say Japan and China have contributed to high rice prices, which have trigered riots as far away as Haiti, by controlling their stocks. Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda promised at the summit to release at least 300,000 tons of imported rice from storage to ease the crisis.

In his speech on Tuesday, Fukuda pledged to provide US$ 50 million to help developing contries, including those in Africa, increase agricultural food production, in addition to the US$ 100 million in aid already implemented this year.

Source: Japan times, June 4, 2008.

G-8 Environment Ministers Meeting di Kobe 24-26 Mei 2008

G-8 Environment Ministers Meeting telah diselenggarakan di Kobe dari tanggal 24 sampai dengan 26 Mei 2008. Pertemuan ini diketuai oleh Dr. Ichiro Kamoshita, Minister of Environment, Jepang, dengan dihadiri oleh segenap perwakilan negara anggota G-8 dan Outreach berjumlah total 18 negara, termasuk Indonesia. Pertemuan ini dihadiri pula oleh perwakilan lembaga-lembaga regional/internasional antara lain Global Environment Facility (GEF), GLOBE, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP), World Bank, Secretariat of Basel Convention dan Secretariat of UNFCCC.

Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Jepang Dr. Ichiro Kamoshita selaku pimpinan sidang pada pembukaan menyampaikan bahwa masalah lingkungan yang dihadapi oleh komunitas internasional saat ini telah mendorong setiap negara untuk lebih meningkatkan upayanya pada setiap level baik nasional, regional maupun global, serta menekankan pentingnya kerjasama internasional dalam pelaksanaannya. Masalah lingkungan juga merupakan salah satu tema utama yang akan dibahas dalam Pertemuan tingkat Kepala Negara/Pemerintahan G-8 di Toyako, Hokkaido, yang dijadwalkan pada tanggal tanggal 7-9 Juli 2008. Karenanya, hasil pertemuan tingkat menteri di Kobe ini akan menjadi bahan masukan untuk Pertemuan tingkat Kepala Negara/Pemerintahan G-8 di Toyako, Hokkaido tersebut.

Tiga tema utama yang dibahas dalam pertemuan adalah climate change , biodiversity dan Reduce, Reuse & Recycle (3Rs).

Hasil-hasil pembahasan pertemuan G-8 dan Outreach countries antara lain:

1. Climate Change
a. Pentingnya transisi ke low carbon societies guna mencapai tujuan jangka panjang menuju realisasi tujuan akhir UNFCCC. Dalam hal ini, negara-negara maju harus berada di lini depan dalam upaya mengurangi reduksi emisi global hingga separuh pada tahun 2050. Guna mencapai low carbon societies, seluruh negara perlu melakukan inovasi dalam gaya hidup, pola konsumsi dan produksi, serta infrastruktur sosial, disamping inovasi teknologi;
b. Upaya kerjasama antara negara-negara maju dengan negara-negara berkembang, antara lain meliputi alih teknologi, dukungan finansial dan pengembangan kapasitas guna meningkatkan aktivitas mitigasi dan adaptasi di negara-negara berkembang. Dalam hal mitigasi, diakui perlunya penggunaan carbon markets dan public-private partnership (PPP), serta mekanisme pendanaan yang mendukung;
c. Dalam hal negosiasi kerangka pasca 2012, diakui pentingnya menyelesaikan proses negosiasi sejalan dengan Bali Action Plan selambat-lambatnya Desember 2009. Dalam hal penetapan mid-term target yang efektif, diperlukan komitmen dan langkah nyata oleh negara-negara maju, serta langkah nyata oleh negara-negara berkembang. Dalam hal ini, masih terdapat negara-negara yang memperlihatkan keenganannya untuk memberikan komitmennya secara jelas dan pasti, contohnya AS. Sebaliknya, negara-negara Eropa terutama Jerman memperlihatkan kesan kesiapannya;
d. Terdapat dukungan luas untuk menindaklanjuti hasil pertemuan ini yang dikenal sebagai “Kobe Initiative”, antara lain pengembangan jaringan internasional dalam low carbon societies, analisa potensi bottom-up sectoral mitigation, peningkatan co-benefit dalam kebijakan terkait, dan dukungan pengembangan kapasitas bagi negara-negara berkembang untuk penemuan-untuk dan pengumpulan data berdasarkan measurablity, reportability, and verifiability.

2. Biodiversity
a. Pentingnya langkah-langkah peningkatan biodiversity lebih lanjut, termasuk pengembangan dan implementasi Rencana Aksi dan Strategi Biodiversity Nasional guna mencapai target biodiversity 2010;
b. Perlunya pelaksanaan pendekatan ilmiah dalam aktivitas riset biodiversity, termasuk proses monitoring, penilaian (assesment), dan penyediaan informasi;
c. Dalam hal pemanfaatan biodiversity secara berkelanjutan, diakui pentingnya merealisasikan konservasi biodiversity dan pengelolaan sumber alam secara berkelanjutan di alam sekunder seperti Satoyama di Jepang, termasuk lahan pertanian dan ekosistem di sekitarnya;
d. Pentingnya menanggulangi masalah illegal logging yang dipandang membawa kerugian besar terhadap biodiversity dan emisi tinggi gas rumah kaca. Dalam kaitan ini, diakui pula perlunya tindakan efektif baik dari negara pengimpor maupun pengekspor untuk tidak memasukkan illegal logged timber dari/ke pasar internasional;
e. Penekanan perlunya peningkatan keterlibatan seluruh aktor sosial termasuk aktor sektor swasta dalam memfasilitasi konservasi dan pemanfaatan biodiversity secara berkelanjutan;
f. Penekanan bahwa climate change mempunyai dampak besar terhadap biodiversity, bahkan kehidupan manusia. Karenanya, perlu perhatian terhadap keterkaitan climate change dan biodiversity;
g. Terdapat kesepakatan atas “Kobe Call for Action for Biodiversity” termasuk Satoyama Initiative yang diusulkan Jepang, guna upaya lebih lanjut mengatasi tantangan dalam hal biodiversity.

3. 3Rs
a. Diakui perlunya peningkatan langkah-langkah 3Rs dan resource productivity guna mencapai pembangunan secara berkelanjutan di negara-negara G-8 dan yang lainnya. Selain penanganan sampah secara tepat dan proses recycle (daur ulang), prioritas utama juga diletakkan pada reduksi sampah. Salah satu upaya misalnya mengurangi penggunaan disposable plastic bags. Negara-negara G-8 dan non G-8 mengakui keterkaitan kuat antara peningkatan pengelolaan sampah secara tepat dan 3Rs, dengan upaya reduksi emisi gas rumah kaca;
b. Dalam upaya pengembangan kapasitas guna mencapai pengelolaan sampah secara tepat di negara-negara berkembang, diakui perlunya kerjasama lebih lanjut antara 3R Initiative dan Basel Convention;
c. Diakui pula pentingnya dukungan teknik dan finansial mencapai pengembangan kapasitas dalam pelaksanaan 3Rs di negara-negara berkembang;
d. Terdapat kesepakatan terhadap Kobe 3R Action Plan dan melaporkan perkembangannya di tahun 2011. Jepang telah meluncurkan “New Action Plan towards a Global Zero Waste Society”, yang diharapkan dapat mendorong kerjasama internasional lebih lanjut berdasarkan spirit Kobe 3R Action Plan.

Secara umum, pertemuan berjalan dengan lancar dan efektif. Seluruh delegasi, baik G-8 maupun Outreach countries, termasuk Indonesia, mendapat kesempatan untuk menyampaikan pandangannya terhadap ketiga isu yang dibahas, yaitu biodiversity, 3Rs dan climate change. Satu hal yang menarik terjadi di persidangan adalah terdapatnya perubahan format pertemuan atas kesepakatan bersama G-8 dan Outreach countries. Awalnya pertemuan senantiasa menggunakan format dimana negara anggota G-8 yang mendapat kesempatan memberikan pandangan mereka, diikuti dengan Outreach countries, dan lembaga-lembaga regional/internasional terkait. Namun, hal ini kemudian berubah dan kesempatan berbicara diberikan kepada partisipan siapa saja, tanpa memperhatikan urutan sebagaimana sebelumnya. Hal ini di sisi lain juga memperlihatkan kesan bahwa masalah lingkungan sudah sedemikian mendesaknya sehingga pembahasan dan proses negosiasi harus cepat dilakukan dan kesempatan menyampaikan pendapat saat ini terbuka bagi siapa saja atau negara mana saja yang memberikan perhatiannya terhadap masalah lingkungan.

Terdapatnya beberapa hal yang menjadi pending issues, utamanya persoalan sharing burden and balanced responsibility dalam upaya reduksi emisi gas rumah kaca, serta kepastian negara-negara maju untuk menetapkan mid-term target reduksi emisi masing-masing. Hal ini antara lain juga menyiratkan bahwa masih terdapat perbedaan pandangan/posisi antar negara-negara maju yang tergabung dalam G-8 dan Outreach countries, termasuk Indonesia. Dari pembahasan, terkesan bahwa di satu sisi, beberapa negara maju seperti Jerman dan Perancis, memperlihatkan kesiapannya dalam upaya pencapaian/realisasi target reduksi emisi dalam jangka panjang maupun jangka menengah. Namun di sisi lain, AS masih memperlihatkan keenganannya untuk memberikan komitmen utamanya dalam hal penentuan mid-term target reduksi emisi.

Jepang sebagai tuan rumah sekaligus pimpinan sidang nampaknya berusaha mengambil peran termasuk dengan meluncurkan Kobe Initiative. Akan tetapi posisi Jepang terlihat lebih di tengah dan “kurang” berhasil mendorong negara maju lainnya, khususnya AS, dalam hal penentuan mid-term target reduksi emisi. Sebaliknya, posisi Outreach countries yang dimotori oleh Afrika Selatan, China, Brazil dan India serta Indonesia, berusaha keras mendorong negara-negara maju agar menunjukkan komitmennya dalam upaya realisasi target reduksi emisi. Hasil pertemuan di Kobe, termasuk pending issues ini, kiranya akan disampaikan dan dibahas dalam G-8 Summit di Hokkaido, bulan Juli 2008 mendatang.

Seminar Coalition for Africa Rice Development

– Toward a Green Revolution in Africa -

1. Seminar Coalition for Africa Rice Development – Toward a green revolution in Africa diselenggarakan tanggal 29 Mei 2008 Pasifico Yokohama, Yokohama. Penyelenggara utamanya adalah NEPAD, AGRA, FASID dan JICA dan disponsori oleh Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). Seminar ini merupakan bagian dari Forth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV).

2. Dengan latar belakang isu kekurangan bahan makanan dan kenaikan harga makanan di dunia seminar diselenggarakan dengan tujuan: a) Menetapkan pentingnya perbaikan produktivitas pertanian menuju pengembangan sosial, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan penurunan kemiskinan di Afrika; b) Mempertimbangkan kemungkinan sebuah revolusi hijau padi dan pengembangan pedesaan, terutama melalui peningkatan produksi padi secara cepat.

3. Agendanya meliputi : Opening Remarks, Key Note Speech, “Launching of : Coalition for African Rice Development”, Messages from Vietnam, Togo, World Bank, UNDP, AfDB and IRRI/WARDA; Panel Discussion: Toward a rice Green Revolution in Africa.

4. ”Coalition for African Rice Development” (CARD) merupakan insiatif strategi dalam rangka membantu usaha-usaha negara Afrika meningkatkan produksi berasnya, dan juga berperan sebagai kelompok konsultasi donor bilateral maupun multilateral. CARD juga menjadi wadah organisasi regional dan internasional bekerja sama dengan negara Afrika penghasil beras. Anggotanya pada saat ini adalah AGRA, NEPAD, FARA, WARDA, IRRI, JIRCAS dan JICA. Sasaran CARD adalah meningkatkan produksi beras dua kali lipat di Sub-Sahara Africa dalam waktu sepuluh tahun, dari 14 juta ton per tahun menjadi 28 juta ton per tahun.

5. Mr. Masatoshi Wakabayashi Menteri Pertanian Jepang dalam sambutan tertulisnya menyebutkan MAFF Jepang juga akan aktif berpartisipasi dalam “Coalition for African Rice Development”. Jepang akan membantu sebaik-baiknya dalam peningkatan keahlian, ketrampilan dan sumber daya manusia untuk mencapai sasaran berupa peningkatan produksi padi menjadi dua kali lipat di Afrika selama 10 tahun ini. Pendekatan konkrit dalam usaha peningkatan produksi beras, sangat penting mengimplementasikan penelitian dan pengembangan bidang pembibitan padi termasuk varietas NERICA, desiminasi teknologi penanaman padi, peningkatan fasilitas irigasi dan pengembangan sumber daya manusia.

6. Mr. Kenzo Oshima, Senior Vice President, JICA dalam presentasinya menyampaikan tujuan seminar ini adalah untuk Launching inisiatif multi-stake holder bidang pertanian di Afrika yang dinamakan “Coalition for African Rice Development” disingkat CARD. Organisasi yang berperan dalam launching ini adalah Alliance for a Green Revolution (AGRA) yang diwakili oleh Dr. Namanga Ngongi dan Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) diwakili oleh Dr. Mothly Jones. Tiga hal yang perlu diperhatikan CARD dalam menjalankan tugasnya adalah: a) Peningkatan produksi padi yang menyebabkan kenaikan keuntungan para petani padi sehingga dapat mengantarkan ketahanan pangan dan peningkatan pendapatan petani; b) CARD ini harus respek terhadap prinsip kepemilikan dan kepemimpinan Afrika; c) Inisiatif pembangunan pedesaan dan peningkatan taraf hidup petani. Jepang sendiri akan meningkatkan bantuannya melalui ODA ke Afrika, direncanakan jumlahnya menjadi dua kali lipat dalam 5 tahun mendatang sampai dengan 2012.

7. Duta Besar Ambassador O. Wiloughby, Acting CEO, NEPAD Secretariat pada Key Note Speech menekankan : a) Pemimpin Afrika telah sepakat bekerjasama melalui NEFAD untuk melihat visi CAADP terealisir; b) NEFAD sebagai salah satu program African Union, akan meneruskan bekerja lebih dekat dengan AUC yang saling menguntungkan dalam implementasi CAADP; c) Pemerintah Jepang diundang untuk bergabung dengan NEPAD dan AUC dalam implentasi dan intervensi nyata yang telah diidentifikasi pada level negara maupun komunitas regional; d) Empat hal yang harus dipertimbangkan adalah: program produktivitas pertanian; program fasilitasi perdagangan produk pertanian; program tatalaksana pencegahan bencana alam; dan pendanaan sektor pertanian.

8. Prof. Kojiro Otsuka dari FASID pada Key Note Speech yang berjudul Fundamental Strategy for African Agricultural Development menyimpulkan : a) Panen padi di Afrika dengan hasil dua kali lipat dapat dicapai dengan cara peningkatan produktivitas padi 50% dan peningkatan area panen padi 33% (1,5x1.33 = 2.0); b) Dengan keberhasilan penanaman padi dapat menjadi model Green Revolution untuk tanaman lain.

9. Pesan tertulis dari Mr. Bui Ba Bong, Vice Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Vietnam menyebutkan Vietnam 20 tahun yang lalu masih sebagai Negara pengimpor beras, tetapi sejak 1989 Vietnam telah menjadi Negara pengekspor beras kedua di dunia dengan volume ekspor 4 – 4,5 jutan ton beras setiap tahun. Vietnam telah memperoleh bantuan internasional untuk pengembangan pertanian termasuk sektor beras. Pada saat ini lebih dari 80% sawah padi dapat irigasi yang cukup dan petani dapat menanam padi 2 kali setahun bahkan bisa 3 kali setahun. Rata-rata produksinya sekitar 5 ton per ha dan dibeberapa tempat pada musim kering bisa mencapai 8 ton beras per ha. Melalui land reform dan pengembangan teknologi pertanian Vietnam telah dapat mencukupi kebutuhan beras dalam negeri dan telah dapat mengekspor ke beberapa Negara di Asia dan Afrika. Vietnam akan meningkatkan kerjasama teknik dalam peningkatan produksi beras dengan negara-negara Afrika. Dr. Karen Brooks, Sector Manager dari World Bank menyampaikan perlu digalakannya kerjasama selatan-selatan dan World Bank siap membantu projek-projek pertanian terutama untuk perluasan area tanaman padi. Mr. Kossi Messan Ewovor Pimpinan WARDA mengutarakan bahwa dua puluh satu anggota West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) dan 15 pusat Kelompok Konsultasi pada Penelitian Pertanian Internasional secara resmi ditetapkan menjadi ”Coalition for African Rice Development"(CARD).

10. Diskusi Panel dengan Judul “Toward a rice Green Revolution in Africa” yang dimoderatori Prof. Kejiro Otsuka, FASID menyimpulkan beberapa hal sebagai berikut: a) World Bank akan membantu projek berhubungan dengan Teknologi pertanian untuk peningkatan produksi pangan, World Bank akan membantu pembangunan infrasturktur irigasi, pembiayaan penelitian bidang pertanian, dan bantuan peningkatan pembangunan agribisnis; b) FARA mengemukakan perlu dibangun struktur penelitian bidang pertanian di Afrika dengan cara pengembangan African Rice Research Center; Peningkatan taraf hidup para petani; CARD dipacu untuk meningkatkan produksi tanaman pangan; c) IRRI/WARDA mendorong program implementasi tekonologi bercocok tanam dalam rangka peningkatan produksi padi dengan dititikberatkan pada peningkatan kwalitas bibit, perbaikan varietas, tatalaksana pertanahan, praktek agronomi, tatalaksana pengairan, dan penanganan pasca panen; Perkiraan biaya untuk capacity buliding sekitar 22,8 juta US dolar selama 5 tahun; d) AGRA mengungkapkan perlunya usaha mengantisipasi tantangan biodiversity; rencana Program for Africa’s Seed System (PASS) dengan dana 10 juta US dolar; serta Soil Health Initiative dengan dana 180 juta US dollar.