Shinzo Abe dan Xi Jinping Bertemu

 

Shinzo Abe dan Xi Jinping Kemungkinan Bertemu Sebelum Pembicaraan Tiga Pihak

 

Pengaturan tengah dilakukan agar Perdana Menteri Jepang Shinzo Abe bertemu dengan Presiden Tiongkok Xi Jinping pada akhir Desember di Beijing, sebagaimana diketahui.

 

Sebelum menghadiri pertemuan trilateral dengan para pemimpin Tiongkok dan Korea Selatan di Chengdu, Provinsi Sichuan, Abe berencana mengunjungi Beijing untuk bertemu dengan Xi.

 

Kunjungan Abe bertujuan untuk mengonfirmasi kerja sama dengan Presiden Tiongkok tersebut, yang dijadwalkan melakukan kunjungan kenegaraan ke Tokyo pada bulan April.

 

Abe diperkirakan akan mengunjungi Tiongkok dari tanggal 23 hingga 25 Desember. Setelah bertemu dengan Xi pada tanggal 23 Desember, Abe dijadwalkan mengunjungi Chengdu untuk menghadiri pertemuan puncak trilateral yang dipimpin oleh Perdana Menteri Tiongkok Li Keqiang pada tanggal 24 Desember.

 

Kunjungan Abe ke Tiongkok ini akan menjadi yang pertama sejak kunjungannya ke Beijing pada Oktober tahun lalu, dan pertemuannya dengan Xi akan menjadi yang pertama sejak Abe memimpin pertemuan puncak G20 di Osaka pada bulan Juni.

 

Dalam pertemuan mendatang, Abe diperkirakan akan membahas situasi di Korea Utara, hubungan AS-Tiongkok, serta hubungan Jepang-Tiongkok.

 

Presiden Korea Selatan Moon Jae-in juga dijadwalkan menghadiri pembicaraan trilateral tersebut. Namun, apakah Abe dan Moon akan mengadakan pembicaraan bilateral masih belum dapat dipastikan.

 

SUMBER

The Washington Post. Diterbitkan pada 10 November 2019, pukul 16.34 SGT

'Trilateral+X' Jepang-China-Korea

 

Kemungkinan Kerja Sama 'Trilateral+X' Jepang-China-Korea

 

Pertemuan Menteri Luar Negeri Trilateral antara Jepang, Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, dan Republik Korea diadakan di Gubei Water Town, Tiongkok, pada 21 Agustus. Pertemuan ini diadakan untuk pertama kalinya dalam 3 tahun sejak pertemuan terakhir yang diadakan pada Agustus 2016 di Tokyo. Pertemuan tingkat puncak trilateral juga diadakan di Tokyo pada Mei tahun lalu, setelah periode kosong dua setengah tahun, dan pertemuan tahun ini akan diselenggarakan oleh Tiongkok pada bulan Desember. Pertemuan tingkat puncak atau tingkat menteri dari ketiga negara ini telah beberapa kali ditunda karena perselisihan politik antara dua atau ketiga negara tersebut.

 

Di tengah ketegangan antara Jepang dan Korea saat ini, sangat menarik bahwa Pertemuan Puncak Trilateral direncanakan untuk diadakan. Kerangka trilateral antara Jepang, Tiongkok, dan Korea dimulai ketika para pemimpin ketiga negara pertama kali berkumpul untuk pertemuan sarapan bersama dalam rangkaian ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Summit pada tahun 1999. Menandai ulang tahun ke-20 tahun ini, kerangka trilateral yang telah 'matang' ini sangat layak mendapatkan perhatian dari perspektif kerja sama dan integrasi regional tentang bagaimana kerangka trilateral ini harus lebih ditingkatkan.

 

Di antara Jepang, Tiongkok, dan Korea, lebih dari 70 kerangka kerja antar-pemerintah trilateral telah diinstitusionalisasi — termasuk 21 pertemuan tingkat menteri, pejabat senior (SOM), dan Direktur Jenderal (DGM) — dan kerja sama praktis di bidang-bidang seperti lingkungan hidup, ekonomi dan perdagangan, pertanian, pendidikan, energi nuklir, atau manajemen bencana telah dibahas dalam kerangka-kerangka ini. Di bidang lingkungan hidup, khususnya, telah menunjukkan kemajuan yang luar biasa. Misalnya, Pertemuan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Tripartit (TEMM) telah diadakan setiap tahun sejak 1999. Secara sekilas, kerja sama trilateral telah mencapai kemajuan besar, meskipun banyak kerja sama di antara ketiga negara tersebut masih berupa konsultasi semata, dibandingkan dengan koordinasi nyata yang dilakukan dalam kerangka APT, seperti Inisiatif Chiang Mai. Kerja sama dalam mekanisme keamanan di antara Jepang, Tiongkok, dan Korea pun belum terwujud.

 

Sementara itu, Pernyataan Bersama dari Pertemuan Puncak Trilateral Jepang-China-Korea ke-7 yang diadakan di Tokyo pada bulan Mei lalu mencatat bahwa kerja sama trilateral akan dicari melalui konsep baru yang disebut 'Trilateral+X.' Pada Pertemuan Menteri Luar Negeri Trilateral Agustus tahun ini, diadopsi "Concept Paper on 'Trilateral+X' Cooperation" yang membahas kemungkinan kerja sama, terutama di bidang ekonomi dan pengurangan kemiskinan, dengan ketiga negara dan negara/negara lain serta bidang-bidang lainnya, berdasarkan prinsip win-win. Oleh karena itu, kerja sama trilateral diharapkan dapat ditingkatkan lebih lanjut berdasarkan konsep ini. Jika Jepang, Tiongkok, dan Korea bekerja sama untuk mempercepat negosiasi RCEP berdasarkan prinsip ini, misalnya, hal itu akan membantu mempercepat proses negosiasi untuk diselesaikan.

 

Dengan demikian, Jepang, Tiongkok, dan Korea memiliki kemungkinan untuk lebih meningkatkan hubungan trilateral yang praktis dan kooperatif melalui 'Trilateral+X.' Yang penting dilakukan di setiap negara untuk mencapai hal tersebut adalah berbagi visi bersama tentang masa depan kawasan ini. Di Asia Timur, terdapat visi untuk membentuk Komunitas Asia Timur, yang disebutkan sebagai tujuan masa depan di APT atau East Asia Summit (EAS). Di antara Jepang, Tiongkok, dan Korea juga, kerja sama trilateral diakui akan memainkan peran aktif untuk Komunitas Asia Timur, dalam kesepakatan seperti "Trilateral Cooperation VISION 2020" yang disepakati pada Pertemuan Puncak Trilateral tahun 2010. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting bagi Jepang, Tiongkok, dan Korea untuk lebih mempromosikan kerja sama fungsional dengan mengarah pada Komunitas Asia Timur, dengan kerangka baru 'Trilateral+X' dalam pikiran.

 

SUMBER:

"CEAC Commentary" No.119 "Possibility of Japan-China-Korea 'Trilateral+X' Cooperation", Oleh KIKUCHI Yona, Peneliti Senior, The Japan Forum on International Relations.

GHSA 2nd Commitment Meeting

 

Global Health Security Agenda 2nd Commitment Meeting Jakarta, Indonesia - 21-23 August 2014

 

Meeting Summary

Key Objectives

1. Continue building support among international global health security stakeholders, across multiple sectors, to more fully engage them in the GHSA, specifically in anticipation of the White House Event, September 26, 2014

2. Engage and outreach to countries and stakeholders not previously involved in GHSA, to stress importance and spur interest and participation for the long term

3. Raise visibility of Indonesia leadership of GHSA and recognition of Indonesia’s advances in work/programs related to Global Health Security Overarching Summary

The GHSA Jakarta meeting was attended by over 35 countries, with multiple sectors represented, and included representation from multiple international organizations WHO, FAO, and OIE. The two day event provided the opportunity to have candid discussion about current global health security challenges and existing needs, such as the Ebola outbreak in West Africa and ongoing challenges related to continued emergence and spread of Antimicrobial Resistance. Emphasis was given on how the Global Health Security Agenda can serve as a conduit in bringing together international attention, political will and leadership, and resources necessary to truly impact the capacities necessary to “prevent, detect, and respond” to infectious disease threats.

Action Package leaders were able to present the progress made thus far on specific Action Packages, discuss potential clear indicators of progress, and next steps for leaders and participants in potential areas of work they could take on as part of their GHSA commitment.

Participants were also able to learn more about the upcoming High-level White House GHSA meeting taking place on 26 September 2014. Additionally, ideas on next steps for the Agenda post-September were presented and countries had the opportunity to weigh-in on an approach for a GHSA leadership and coordinating structure to best fit the needs of the group.

An additional half-day session was held on Friday, specifically for Action Package leaders. This meeting provided an opportunity to discuss next steps on how Action Package leaders should communicate and their role in GHS leadership; included a technical discussion on current and needed clear indicators for the Action Packages; and the need for Measurement and evaluation of progress toward GHSA objectives.

Plenary Sessions Day 1
The meeting was opened with remarks from GOI Minister Mboi (MOH) and Minister Suswono (MOA). Their remarks underscored that although we have made progress toward global health security as an international community, events such as the ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa highlight how far we still have to go in order to achieve the vision of the Global Health Security Agenda – a world safe and secure from infectious disease threats, regardless of origin. Minister Mboi emphasized the successes of multisectoral collaboration and cooperation in Indonesia, stating that it is absolutely necessary to address the challenge set before us in responding to the ever-changing landscape of infectious disease threats, specifically highlighting the OneHealth approach as a key.

Video remarks by Margaret Chan, and words from representatives from FAO and OIE stressed the need to combat the threat from antibiotic resistant bacteria; the urgency of immediate threats, such as the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, but also the necessity of working to build sustainable, long-term capacities to adequately address future disease threats; the importance of collaboration across sectors to ensure early detection of the emergence and presence of such threats and drew attention to the underlying factors that increase susceptibility to infectious diseases, such as food insecurity, environmental stress, and poverty. WHO/OIE/FAO also spoke in the afternoon session stressing key messages describing linkages between the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005) and the GHSA, including overlapping goals in the areas of surveillance, lab capacity, preparedness, response, zoonotic diseases, human resources; the need for higher political will to combat infectious disease threats, specifically strengthening the weakest link in the chain – the veterinary sector; the multiple threats posed by zoonotic diseases regardless of whether they are naturally occurring, accidentally released, or deliberately spread, due to their potential impacts on food security, economics, and human health stressing that countries needed to continue to enhance cross-linkages between the animal and human health sectors.

The United States (Holly Wong/Beth Cameron) provided an overview of the initial launch event and progress made to date; stressing the overarching goal of strengthening global collective capabilities to prevent, detect, and rapidly respond to infectious disease outbreaks, the U.S. commitment to the Agenda (CDC/DTRA activities); and details on the September 26th event. Permanent Secretary Paivi Sillanaukee (Finland) provided a summary report on the GHSA Meeting held in Helsinki and highlighted the continued commitment of Finland to the GHSA, including a pledge of $1million toward the West Africa Ebola response efforts of the WHO and the Red Cross, as well as supporting training activities for veterinary and public health personnel from developing countries. Mr.

Herbert Barnard (Netherlands) provided a summary of the Ministerial meeting on antimicrobial resistance held in The Hague in June 2014, describing specific steps needed toward combatting antimicrobial resistance: prevention of disease transmission through infection control practices; prudent use of antibiotics in both health care and agricultural sectors; and the need to quickly develop new antibiotics to replace those that have become essentially obsolete. Representatives from Uganda and Vietnam both described challenges and successes in preventing, detecting, and responding to zoonotic disease threats within their countries.

Finally, Dr. David Nabarro, UN Systems Special Coordinator for Ebola Outbreak Response, Special Representative on Food Security and Nutrition for the United Nations provided video remarks calling for joint actions across nations and sectors to address challenges in health security, the importance of biomedical, social, and managerial sciences in guiding the response to disease threats, and further emphasized that not only health concerns should be considered, but also the economic, humanitarian, security, and political dimensions.

Panel on the Indonesian Experience with Zoonotic Diseases and Scenario-Based Exercise

Professor Amin Subandri - Moderator

Professor Wiku Bawono Adisasmito, National Commission on Zoonoses Control

Professor Tjandra Yoga Aditama, Ministry of Health

Dr. Pudjiatmoko, Director of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture

The group’s discussion highlighted the mobilization of a whole-of-government effort to combat H5N1 and other zoonotic diseases that impact Indonesia, emphasizing the requirement for both financial and human resources. They also described the need for coordination and information sharing between the animal and human health sectors and the importance of engaging local stakeholders, including governments, the community, and the media.

Meeting participants organized into multi-sectoral discussion groups to work through a series of presented scenarios in order to address specific questions. This exercise emphasized the need for a coordinating mechanism at the national level to assist and highlighted the importance of information-sharing between the human and animal health sectors.

Plenary Session Day 2

Day 2 began with WHO Ludy Suryantoro providing a status update and discussing current efforts/activities to combat the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Their role has included multiple functionalities – epidemiology, communication, lab personnel, contact tracing alluding to the immenseness of the current response effort and the need for continued support from others at all levels of outbreak response. He also emphasized that such an outbreak of international concern demands international engagement and should drive towards international collaboration and solidarity. Current pressing needs were described including the ability for safe and accurate lab diagnosis, infection control, vehicles and telecommunications capabilities in order to accomplish goals on an unprecedented scale. A new strategy for Ebola forthcoming will be communicated t via

WHO HQ.

Participants from Kenya described the role and activities of their country’s Zoonotic Disease Unit collaboration, directly supporting a OneHealth approach. In 2008 a zoonoses technical working group was established which led to an official MOU to support the unit (2011) and launch in 2012.

The unit developed a priority disease list for zoonoses and a strategic plan for implementation.

Activities thus far include guidelines development and risk mapping for RVF; future planned activities are to strengthen their current surveillance system, addressing interoperability, inclusion of zoonoses not in current guidelines and increasing capabilities for information sharing.

The Action Package Marketplace

Dr. Petri Ruutu and Dr. Beth Cameron provided an overview of the Action Package process to date, and the goals of the Action Package Marketplace session; emphasizing the need to develop targets that could be used to measure countries’ progress over the next five years. Participant then broke into groups and Action Package leaders led discussions on where they were in the development process, suggested activities for participating countries, and potential next steps; reaching out to other countries to join their Action Packages and learning potential additional areas where they could focus.

Conclusions from Action Package Discussions

Full readouts from each session can be found in Annex 1
GHSA Next Steps and Meeting Conclusions
The final session for the meeting was a discussion moderated by the U.S., Finland, and Indonesia on the structure of the GHSA moving forward and how to effectively track progress. A Steering Group structure was proposed with the purpose to provide leadership for the GHSA over the next five years by tracking progress, providing coordination and ensuring global leadership and commitment. Components and suggested structure/role:

 Steering Group – to provide high level oversight and political support; comprised of six countries with multi-sectrol representation from 2-3 Ministries; Chair rotates annually with two chairs; WHO, FAO, OIE advisers; Advisers from development banks and foundations

 Action Package Leaders – Develop and maintain Action Package frameworks and associated country commitments.

 Working level support team – provides administrative technical support; rotates with the Steering Group Chain or one country takes on this role for several years

Activities to continue to support GHSA goals could include:

 Annual ministerial level meeting
 Quarterly meetings at AS level
 Quarterly meetings for AP leaders
 Working level support team tracks Action Package implementation and prepares quarterly progress updates

Measurement and evaluation mechanisms were also discussed with the need to provide accountability and drive progress. An independent, objective and transparent process was proposed for assessment against measurable GHSA Action Package targets. Countries were able to provide comments on the proposed structure and emphasized the following main points:

 Support for the steering group but concern over a heavy-handed structure, specifically if more than one high-level representative was included on the steering group. Countries noted the need to not duplicate existing structures or work streams and most importantly that prepping for meetings could detract from doing the actual critical GHS work.

 The idea was suggested of modifying to permanent secretariat but staffed by donated individuals by other countries

 Emphasized the need to be flexible in the way that we work and need to be creative about the way we incorporate meetings potentially utilizing existing mechanisms and fora.

 Annual technical exchange of information and function of the lead countries is important as well as an informal collaboration mechanism.

Friday Action Package Leaders Discussion

Friday’s discussion focused on three main topics:
 Next steps for Action Package Leaders communication and GHSA leadership
 Technical Discussion of Action Package targets and indicators
 Measurement and evaluation of progress toward GHSA objectives
The first session focused on how Action Package Leaders can organize themselves and continue playing a leadership role; how individual action package leadership will be organized; and how communications will proceed going forward. Countries shared both ideas and experiences on how to incorporate contributing countries and how to maintain linkages with international
organizations into action packages, noting that an informal coordination approach involving phone calls and email has worked well and could benefit from additional electronic communication tools, such as an Action Packages website.

The group also discussed the Steering Group from the Action Package Leaders point of view and their role in GHSA leadership moving forward. Attendees noted that thought needs to be given to how to elevate the whole of global health security—taking a systematic approach to political leadership while keeping a “light-touch” structure in order to obtain the resources and momentum necessary to achieve GHSA goals. The group discussed the importance of taking a bottom-up approach in looking for solutions and identifying gaps, and it was pointed out that the Steering Group can support the Action Package leaders in a way that is consistent with a bottom-up approach. The moderators invited comments and views from countries on how to shape the Steering Group over the coming weeks; the intent in plugging the AP leaders into the steering group was to generate the political will to drive progress.

The second session focused on the need to develop clear indicators for all 11 Action Packages in light of the fact that “what gets measured gets done.” The group reviewed examples of Action Packages with clear indicators and then focused attention on Action Packages that still needed a clear indicator. The group discussed the challenges and benefits of developing an indicator for each Action Package, which would be uniform across all countries, and how to shape them given the different stages of development across countries. Participants agreed to finalize Action Packages, including targets and indicators, by early September.

The third session focused on measurement and evaluation and was moderated by Dr. Rainer Engelhardt from Canada. Dr. Engelhardt began by describing the distinctions between measurement and evaluation, and pointed out that while measurement is integral to those conducting the work, evaluation could be conducted by an external entity. He stressed the value of measurement and evaluation in that it can demonstrate whether the results of activities designed to meet an objective, support the initial intent in practice. In the case of GHSA, an external, independent assessment could examine whether overarching GHSA goals were achieved.

The group discussed the necessity of measurement and evaluation for obtaining funding, both from government and non-governmental sources. Participants agreed that progress should be measured, but there is a question of whether all countries report against all Action Packages or just where they have made commitments. Some participants emphasized the value of a minimum package of reporting globally to provide a comprehensive view on progress. The importance of avoiding duplication of existing reporting systems was also stressed. The group discussed the importance of conducting measurement and evaluation during these next five years of the GHSA, to allow for course correction. Meeting participants agreed to external assessment of progress toward GHSA objectives, which would be conducted by an independent entity.

Sejarah Samurai di Kumamoto

Kota Kumamoto penuh dengan semangat masa lalu samurai, yang oleh banyak warganya disebut sebagai pengaruh besar di kota kelahiran mereka hingga hari ini. Selain kastilnya yang terkenal, kota ini menjadi tuan rumah pendekar pedang terhebat di Jepang saat ia menulis risalah terkenal tentang strategi seni bela diri.

Sejarah samurai di daerah yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Kumamoto, tetapi untuk sebagian besar keberadaannya sebagai Provinsi Higo, sekitar milenium para pejuang legendaris kembali.  Berbagai klan samurai di wilayah tersebut bersaing untuk supremasi selama berabad-abad. Pengerjaan benteng asli di situs Kastil Kumamoto dimulai pada pertengahan abad ke-15 dan empat klan yang berbeda mengendalikan situs dalam 150 tahun sebelum Kato Kiyomasa mengubahnya menjadi benteng yang mengesankan yang masih dapat dilihat sampai sekarang.

Setelah tahun 1607, kompleks kastil mencakup area yang luas dan menampilkan puluhan bangunan, gerbang, dan menara di sekitar bangunan utamanya, dalam desain yang dipesan oleh Kato, seorang komandan samurai kawakan. Dinding besar dan curam dibuat melengkung sedemikian rupa sehingga mustahil bagi penyerang untuk berskala, sebuah inovasi yang dipuji secara luas oleh Kiyomasa.

Puri itu dikepung selama Pemberontakan Satsuma 1887, yang menjadi dasar film Hollywood The Last Samurai 2003, dan dipertahankan selama lebih dari 50 hari oleh pasukan yang jumlahnya jauh lebih banyak. Arsitektur kastil yang mengesankan juga menginspirasi sutradara legendaris Akira Kurosawa untuk mengambil adegan dari dua film samurai klasiknya, Ran dan Kagemusha, di sana.

Setelah klan Kato digantikan oleh Hosokawa pada tahun 1632, penguasa daimyo dari kastil Hosokawa Tadatoshi mengundang Miyamoto Musashi untuk menjadi salah satu pengikutnya. Musashi adalah seorang pendekar pedang yang konon katanya tidak terkalahkan dalam berbagai duel yang ia lawan di seluruh Jepang, banyak di antaranya hanya menggunakan pedang kayu.

Dia terlihat pada tahun-tahun terakhirnya di Kumamoto dan hidup sebagai pertapa di Gua Reigan-do, di mana dia menjadi penengah dan menulis Kitab Lima Lingkaran. Buku ini dianggap sebagai bela diri klasik dan strateginya juga telah mempengaruhi para politisi dan pemimpin bisnis. Gua ini berjarak sekitar 30 menit berkendara atau satu jam perjalanan dengan bus ke barat kota di kaki Gunung Kinpo. Di dekatnya ada kuil Unganzen-ji, dan jalur batu berukir yang mengarah ke Reigan-do dimana terdapat  patung-patung menarik yang dikenal sebagai Lima Ratus Murid Buddha atau Gohyaku-Rakan. Ada juga tur untuk memetik jeruk mandarin 'mikan' di sekitar Gunung Kinpo.

Bagi mereka yang ingin merasakan warisan Musashi, ada dojo pedang Iaido berdasarkan gaya yang didirikan oleh prajurit bertingkat, Niten Ichi Ryu, yang dipraktikkan oleh beberapa samurai Kumamoto. Di Gedung Musashi yang dinamai tepat di Shimotori, pengunjung dapat mempelajari teknik menggambar, memotong dan menyarungkan pedang dasar di bawah pengawasan Akinori Matsunaga yang tenang dan sabar.

Lebih lanjut tentang kehidupan Musashi dan samurai lainnya dapat ditemukan di Shimada Museum of Arts, yang menjadi tempat pameran tentang sejarah budaya pejuang Kumamoto. Selain menjadi ahli pedang dan penulis, Musashi juga mempelajari Zen, lukisan kaligrafi, dan upacara minum teh di Kumamoto. Beberapa gambar dan kaligrafinya dipajang di museum.

Upacara minum teh samurai dapat dinikmati di kedai teh otentik yang terletak di taman Suizenji Jojuen yang elegan. Upacara tradisional - yang dikenal sebagai 'bushi no cha', teh prajurit - dikatakan didasarkan pada upacara Sen no Rikyu, ahli teh terhebat di Jepang. Rumah minum Kokin-Denju-no-Ma, awalnya dibangun di Kyoto, menawarkan tempat yang sempurna untuk terbenam dalam sepenggal sejarah budaya Jepang.

Lanskap Taman Jepang yang dibangun oleh klan Hosokawa pada abad ke-17, berbasis di sekitar kolam tengah yang dikelilingi oleh rekreasi dari 53 stasiun jalan Tokaido yang bersejarah yang menghubungkan Edo (Tokyo) dan Kyoto, dan termasuk miniatur Gunung Fuji.

Kumamoto benar-benar tenggelam dalam sejarah dan tempat wisata penting lainnya termasuk Kuil Kengun tertua di kota, asal-usulnya diyakini berasal dari abad ke-6. Di sepanjang Sungai Tsuboi dekat kastil, terdapat lima patung perunggu pahlawan Restorasi Meiji, yang pada tahun 1867 mengarah pada penghapusan kelas samurai dan dorongan cepat Jepang menuju modernisasi. Ironisnya, orang-orang di belakang revolusi itu sendiri adalah samurai yang semangatnya masih hidup terpelihara dengan baik di Kumamoto.

Sumber:

Kumamoto: A Rich Samurai History (https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSWAOAKC9F7QAV19AP